{"title":"Annals Of Science And Technology Policy","description":"\u003cp\u003eExplore the Annals of Science and Technology Policy, a vital resource for understanding the forces shaping our world. Delve into cutting-edge research and analyses driving policy decisions in science and tech.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"economic-impacts-of-the-advanced-encryption-standard-1996-2017-book-david-p-leech-9781680835885","title":"The Economic Impacts of the Advanced Encryption Standard, 1996-2017","description":"The Economic Impacts of the Advanced Encryption Standard, 1996-2017 evaluates the net social benefits of advanced encryption standards (AES). This is one of many areas where the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) has promoted innovation and industrial competitiveness to ensure that public and private computer systems can protect the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of digital information in the face of ever more powerful computers and developments in the field of cryptography.After an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 provides the ABCs of cryptography as it applies to the AES and an introduction to the computer networks that employ encryption systems. It further delves into the evolution of NIST's role as the Federal Government's authority on the computer security of civilian-focused agencies, the AES competition (1997-2000), and subsequent cryptographic validation programs including what these validation programs reveal about the composition of the encryption product market. Chapter 3 characterizes how the AES program and subsequent dependent industry standards have functioned as economic policy tools that reduced the economic barriers of the 1990s to the development, commercialization, and application of cryptographic technologies, as well as their continuing indirect role in supporting the quality of encryption systems, reducing encryption system risks, and facilitating the growth of related industries. This chapter also places the AES program in an industrial organizational context by describing the economic value chain of which the AES program is a part. Chapter 4 discusses the selection of pre-survey interviews with subject matter experts, the design of the survey instrument, and survey execution. Chapter 5 describes survey results, compares selected qualitative survey findings to pre-survey expectations, describes the three-tiered approach to estimating economic impact in context of actual survey results, and reports the costs of NIST's AES program for 1996-2017. Chapter 6 presents the results of the three-tiered approach to estimating the overall economic impacts of the AES program. Chapter 7 provides a summary and conclusion of the analysis.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49635072770321,"sku":"GOR012849404","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":52111014232337,"sku":"NGR9781680835885","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1680835882.jpg?v=1750764383"},{"product_id":"globalization-of-the-u-s-small-business-innovation-research-sbir-program-book-albert-n-link-9781638283669","title":"The Globalization of the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program","description":"The Globalization of the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program presents how SBIR programs have spread across the globe. The U.S. SBIR program has become a template for legislation in other countries that seek to enhance the innovative nature of small firms. This special issue presents works by leading eminent scholars who describe individually the population of international emulated programs. The works are ordered by the date that the country adopted an SBIR-like program, including Turkey (1995), Australia (1996), Brazil (1997), South Korea (1998), Japan (1999), Taiwan (1999), United Kingdom (2001), The Netherlands (2004), and New Zealand (2012).","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51041924907281,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51041928839441,"sku":"NIN9781638283669","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1638283664.jpg?v=1750831261"},{"product_id":"policies-for-scaling-up-technology-based-firms-book-hans-lfsten-9781638284086","title":"Policies for Scaling Up Technology-Based Firms","description":"Policies for Scaling Up Technology-Based Firms examines policies aimed at addressing specific issues faced by growing firms and scaleups. The reason for policies in firms that want and have the opportunity to scale up their business is that these firms have a large potential to create job opportunities and economic development compared to investment in startups without any growth ambitions. The overall objective is to study policies that facilitate technology-based firms' scaling up. As a consequence of earlier research on high-growth firms, little attention has been paid to surviving and stable firms that may want to scale up. This monograph comprises three main empirical areas: financial support, framework conditions and innovation systems. The first contribution is that it is an empirical description of policies at the country level to support technology-based firms. The monograph also develops a conceptual model for evaluating policies to promote technology-based firms. The model consists of three dimensions: perspectives\/actors, analysis, and evaluation. The results provide insights into how policymakers can better examine crucial links between the scaleup populations and demand side policies and how policymakers can better comprehend the linkages between the three dimensions to evaluate policies.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51042219524369,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51042222276881,"sku":"NIN9781638284086","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1638284083.jpg?v=1751343135"},{"product_id":"small-firm-research-supported-by-the-national-institutes-of-healths-national-can-book-albert-n-link-9781638284420","title":"Small Firm Research Supported by the National Institutes of Health’s National Cancer Institute","description":"Small Firm Research Supported by the National Institutes of Health's National Cancer Institute focuses on and describes dimensions of research and innovative behavior in a unique sample of small firms publicly funded through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program and discusses the policy implications from the descriptive findings. Section 2 briefly overviews the history of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and its oldest Institute, the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Section 3 offers a roadmap for the study of small firm research funded through the NCI's SBIR program. Section 4 describes the data used to explore dimensions of small firm SBIR funded research. The findings from the empirical analysis of the data described in Section 4 that are related to the commercialization of NCI-funded new technologies are presented in Section 5. The findings from the empirical analysis of the data described in Section 4 that are related to the outflow of technical knowledge through technology transfer metrics from NCI-funded new technologies are described in Section 6. Technology relationships are the focus of Section 7. Section 8 explores the dimensions of funded firms that responded on the NRC survey that they would have pursued their Phase II project in the absence of SBIR funding. Section 9 considers the social impact of the NCI as quantified through the producer surplus and consumer surplus generated from the sale of NCI funded research projects. 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First, a theoretical production function is conceptualized that considers social capital as an input into the production of three important innovation outputs: receipt of developmental (i.e., late-stage) funding; commercialization of an innovation realized through sales of a new product, service, or process; and growth-related activity of the firm developing the innovation, such as an initial public offering, formation of a spin-off firm, a firm sale or merger, a joint venture, or a product licensing agreement. Second, measures of social capital for innovative firms are developed based on the structural and content dimensions of relationships cultivated internally by and externally to the firm. Through internal collaboration and engagements with external parties, social trust and reciprocity are built that promote the sharing of ideas and innovation. Third, social capital as an input into the production of innovation outputs is evaluated using a unique dataset comprising survey responses to a Federal small business award program--the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program--that supports early-stage funding needs of firms developing an innovation. The dataset contains questions that provide insight into a firm's innovation output and its social capital, such as the nature and degree of engagements with third parties, as well as the accomplishments associated with the firm's internal collaborative activities. The empirical results presented in this monograph suggest that social capital may have significant importance in the production of innovative outcomes. The key contributions of this monograph include development of a theoretical production model that includes social capital, the measurement of a firm's social capital as an input into production, and the quantification, empirically, of social capital as a productive input for innovative firms.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51042438349073,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51042441429265,"sku":"NIN9781638282525","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1638282528.jpg?v=1750960438"},{"product_id":"u-s-small-business-technology-transfer-sttr-program-book-albert-n-link-9781638281689","title":"The U.S. Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program","description":"The U.S. Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program: An Assessment and an Evaluation of the Program is intended to expand the National Academies’ report and set a stage for more in depth studies in the future of the STTR program by offering a systematic analytical overview of the STTR program and tying that overview to a qualitative\/quantitative assessment and evaluation of the program given the limited data collected by and available from the NRC. In addition, this is an effort to orientate readers to a number of nuances of the STTR program that were beyond the scope of the National Academies’ report. A secondary purpose is to highlight the economic importance of the STTR program itself.  The remainder of this monograph is organized as follows.  The legislative background for the STTR program is discussed in Section 2. Section 3 explains program assessments and program evaluations from a conceptual perspective. Section 4 describes the nature of the NRC’s dataset used in this study, and based on that dataset a systematic analytical overview of the STTR program is presented. Section 5 presents a qualitative\/quantitative assessment of the STTR program followed by a qualitative\/quantitative evaluation of the STTR program in Section 6. 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The goal is to present a methodology for doing case studies of technology transfer from federal laboratories and showcase a group of case studies done using that methodology. In addition to providing rich insights into different technology transfer processes, analysis across case studies with the same methodology allows one to begin to draw conclusions about similarities and differences in the mechanisms and conditions leading to successful technology transfer from national laboratories.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51045656428817,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51045660197137,"sku":"NIN9781680838084","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1680838083.jpg?v=1750722414"},{"product_id":"interweaving-of-diffusion-research-and-american-science-and-technology-policy-book-irwin-feller-9781680834741","title":"The Interweaving of Diffusion Research and American Science and Technology Policy","description":"This monograph weaves together a history of theories of the diffusion of innovations in selected academic disciplines, tracing the influence of these theories in the formulation of national science and technology policies for 1960 to present. It moves along two main warps — disciplinary traditions of diffusion research and a synoptic history of U.S. science and technology policy — weaving them together at times and in places to demonstrate both their singular threads and crisscrossing patterns.  Given the monograph's shifting focus back and forth between intellectual history and science and technology policy history over a 50+ year time period, it is useful to first set out the organization. Section 2 describes the concurrent rapid conceptual development and empirical testing in the 1960–1970s of models of diffusion of innovation in economics, geography, political science, and organizational theory that arose alongside but often in competition with prior \"\"traditions of research\"\" in (rural) sociology and anthropology, and the intra- and interdisciplinary battles over competing theories of diffusion for theoretical\/disciplinary hegemony and policy relevance. Section 3 shifts from intellectual history to science and technology history. Section 4 describes the shifts beginning in the 1980s and continuing since then in policy agendas, conceptual models, and framing of U.S. science and technology policies and among OECD nations towards economic growth and competitiveness. 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Key characteristics for providing effective S\u0026amp;T advice for Congress are defined and then used to evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of these organizations today and to identify prospective organizational improvements in each to meet today’s needs.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51046027067665,"sku":"NIN9781680838022","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1680838024.jpg?v=1750831629"},{"product_id":"assessing-the-role-of-the-federal-government-in-the-development-of-new-products-book-sandra-e-price-9781680836486","title":"Assessing the Role of the Federal Government in the Development of New Products, Industries, and Companies","description":"Assessing the Role of the Federal Government in the Development of New Products, Industries, and Companies examines the role of the federal government in the development of major innovations. This is done in a purely descriptive manner, specifically identifying and describing major products, industries, and firms resulting from U.S. government funding of research in the years since World War II (WWII).  It is well known that during WWII and the famous 'Manhattan Project,' the Los Alamos and Oak Ridge National Laboratories played a key role in the development of the atom bomb and nuclear energy. What is less well known is the role of the federal and national labs in the development of such key technologies as radar, lithium-ion batteries, and computers.  The evidence clearly shows that these investments in military and space R\u0026amp;D ultimately had numerous significant commercial applications.  This monograph is organized as follows.  First, it outlines a strategy for identifying major products, industries, and companies resulting from government funding in the years since WWII, requiring the authors to define the concept of a general purpose technology (GPT). They conclude with a description of 40 innovations that have had a major impact on our economy and society. The description of these innovations contains fairly-detailed explanations of how these products were developed and how they made their way from lab to market. 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This book reviews the origins of the policy response to this dilemma, which came to be called “advanced manufacturing.” It traces the way the foundational concepts were developed in a series of reports from in and out of government. It explores how, for the first time, an innovation system response was considered and developed to strengthen the U.S. production system. It examines the key new policy mechanism created by the Administration and supported by Congress, the manufacturing innovation institutes, a complex public-private collaborative model to develop new production technologies and processes, with supporting workforce education.  It reviews how the new institutes are working, lessons learned as they have started up and possible enhancements that could expand their policy reach. 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It places this examination within the context of two broad approaches found in the literature, the traditional neoclassical approach to innovation policy and more recent evolutionary approaches. It explores the different policy approaches adopted in both leading economies, as well as several that have adopted a rapid innovation-based (RIB) approach to innovation policy and examines the relative merits of the respective approaches used by various governments. The monograph examines the existing evidence on the impact of a range of policy instruments, drawing on several recent reviews of both the academic and more policy-oriented literature. It also introduces the concept of the policy mix for innovation that was introduced ten years ago in policy reviews undertaken for the European Union and OECD. It examines what value the policy mixes approach adds to our understanding of the design and implementation of government programs for the support of business innovation. 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