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By mandating the presence of candidate representatives supervising electoral operations, reforms also reduced the incidence of electoral fraud. Isabela Mares documents how elite splits facilitated the formation of parliamentary majorities in support of electoral reforms. The political composition of these majorities varied across countries and across issue area, depending on the distribution of political resources and the economic and electoral costs incurred by politicians with opportunities to engage in malfeasance. Unpacking the electoral determinants of the demand for reforms, Mares offers an alternative to theories of democratization that emphasize economic considerations alone.  By studying the successful adoption of reforms limiting electoral irregularities in first-wave democratic transitions, Protecting the Ballot sheds light on the opportunities and obstacles for ending electoral wrongdoing in recent democracies.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49745474584849,"sku":"NGR9780691240039","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52736579535121,"sku":"NIN9780691240039","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0691240035.jpg?v=1750881057"},{"product_id":"from-open-secrets-to-secret-voting-book-isabela-mares-9781107495296","title":"From Open Secrets to Secret Voting","description":"The expansion of suffrage and the introduction of elections are momentous political changes that represent only the first steps in the process of democratization. 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