{"title":"Jaakko Hintikka","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"on-wittgenstein-book-jaakko-hintikka-9780534575946","title":"On Wittgenstein","description":"This brief text assists students in understanding Wittgenstein's philosophy and thinking so that they can more fully engage in useful, intelligent class dialogue and improve their understanding of course content. Part of the \"Wadsworth Philosophers Series,\" (which will eventually consist of approximately 100 titles, each focusing on a single \"thinker\" from ancient times to the present), ON WITTGENSTEIN is written by a philosopher deeply versed in the philosophy of this key thinker. 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Hendricks \u0026amp; John Symons In 1962 Jaakko Hintikka published Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions with Cornell University Press. Almost every paper or a book on epistemic and doxastic logic that has appeared since then has referred to this seminal work. Although many philosophers working in logic, epistemology, game-theory, economics, computer science and linguistics mention the book, it is very likely that most have never literally had their hands on it, much less owned a copy. After a fourth printing in 1969, Knowledge and Belief went out of print and as many of us have found to our dismay, it has become increasingly difficult to find used copies at our local shops or online. It is our pleasure to provide the interdisciplinary community with this reprint edition of Knowledge and Belief. Knowledge and Belief is a classic on which a generation - my generation - of epistemologists cut their teeth. This reissue is welcome. It will provide something for the next generation to chew on. - Fred Dretske, Duke University It is wonderful to see this classic being reissued after so many years out of print. It was extremely influential in its day; its influence continues to this day, through the impact of epistemic logic in fields as diverse distributed computing, artificial intelligence, and game theory. This reissue should make it possible for a new generation of researchers to appreciate Hintikka's groundbreaking work. - Joseph Halpern, Cornell University","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49928115618065,"sku":"GOR008683460","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50522713686289,"sku":"CIN1904987087G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52336580198673,"sku":"NLS9781904987086","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52756507623697,"sku":"NIN9781904987086","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1904987087.jpg?v=1751379997"},{"product_id":"principles-of-mathematics-revisited-book-jaakko-hintikka-9780521624985","title":"The Principles of Mathematics Revisited","description":"This book, written by one of philosophy's pre-eminent logicians, argues that many of the basic assumptions common to logic, philosophy of mathematics and metaphysics are in need of change. 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Both of us are particularly indebted to Jan not only with regards to profes­ sional matters, but some private ones as well. Hence, we hope that he forgives us an occasional lapse into fondness and affection. That said, may the list of bis personalmerits remain shrouded in mystery; rather than unveil them, we open here by appraising Jan's presence from a broader perspective. Tonote that Jan was not always a part of our lives would not evoke surprise. However, to imagine the Institute of Pbilosophy on Grodzka Street or Krakow pbilosophy without him in it would be a harder task-at least for us, Nonethe­ less, we do remember the days when he was commuting to Krakow as a guest lecturer. Is there anything about those days which particularly comes to mind? To shed light on the story which follows, one must begin by stating that the early 1980s when we were studying philosophy was not a bright period. The great masters of Krakow philosophy-Ingarden, Mehlberg, Zawirski, or Dambska-\u0026gt; were either dead or, for political reasons, kept silent. The years following Martial Law (1981-1983) were intellectually very blighted and barren. 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The Conference was organized by the Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) of the IUHPS, the Italian Society for Logic and under the auspices Philosophy of Science, and the Domus Galilaeana of Pisa, headed by Professor Vincenzo Cappelletti. Domus GaIilaeana also served as the host institution, with some help from the University of Pisa. The Conference took place in Pisa, Italy, on September 4-8, 1978. The editors of these two volumes of the Proceedings of the Pisa Conference acknowledge with gratitude the help by the different sponsoring organizations, and in the first place that by both, Divisions of the IUHPS, which made the Conference possible.' A special recognition is due to Professor Evandro Agazzi, President of the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science, who was co- opted as an additional member of the Organizing Committee. 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Questions to Nature, of course, must include  observations and experiments. Hintikka shows, in fact, how the logic  of experimental inquiry can be understood from the interrogative  vantage point. Other important topics examined include induction (in a  forgotten sense that has nevertheless played a role in science),  explanation, the incommensurability of theories, theory-ladenness of  observations, and identifiability.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52134404587793,"sku":"NLS9780792354772","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792354772.jpg?v=1757541531"},{"product_id":"paradigms-for-language-theory-and-other-essays-book-jaakko-hintikka-9780792347804","title":"Paradigms for Language Theory and Other Essays","description":"Several of the basic ideas of current language theory are subjected to critical scrutiny and found wanting, including the concept of scope, the hegemony of generative syntax, the Frege-Russell claim that verbs like is' are ambiguous, and the assumptions underlying the so-called New Theory of Reference. 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But there is an additional debt owed, not simply for the locale but for the very substance of the Conference, to the two Finnish scholars who have jointly authored the present volume. For this volume represents not only the first part of the published proceedings of this First International Conference in the History and Philosophy of Science, but also, most fittingly, the paper that opened the Conference itself. Yet the appropriateness of the paper from which this book has resulted opening the Conference lies far less in the fact that it was a contribution by two Finnish authors to a meeting hosted in Finland than it does to the fact that this paper, and now the present book, comes to grips in an extreme- ly direct way with the very problem the whole Conference was from the outset designed to treat. Generally put, this problem was to bring to- gether a number of historians and philosophers of science whose contrib- uted papers would bear witness to the ways in which the two disciplines can be, and are, of value to each other.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52136966062353,"sku":"NLS9789027705327","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027705327.jpg?v=1757555965"},{"product_id":"essays-on-mathematical-and-philosophical-logic-book-jaakko-hintikka-9789400998278","title":"Essays on Mathematical and Philosophical Logic","description":"The Fourth Scandinavian Logic Symposium and the First Soviet-Finnish Logic Conference were held in JyvaskyIa, Finland, June 29-July 6, 1976. The Conferences were organized by a committee which consisted of the editors of the present volume. The Conferences were supported financially by the Ministry of Education of Finland, by the Academy of Finland, and by the Division of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History of Science. The Philosophical Society of Finland and the Jyvaskyla Summer Festival gave valuable help in various practicalities. 35 papers by authors representing 10 countries were presented at the two meetings. Of those papers 24 appear here. THE EDITORS v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v PART 1\/ PROOF THEORY GEORG KREISEL \/ Some Facts from the Theory of Proofs and Some Fictions from General Proof Theory 3 DAG PRAWITZ \/ Proofs and the Meaning and Completeness of the Logical Constants 25 v. A. SMIRNOV \/ Theory of Quantification and tff-calculi 41 LARS SVENONIUS\/Two Kinds of Extensions of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic 49 DIRK VAN DALEN and R. STATMAN \/ Equality in the Presence of Apartness 95 PART II \/ INFINITARY LANGUAGES VEIKKO RANTALA \/ Game-Theoretical Semantics and Back-and- Forth 119 MAARET KAR TTUNEN \/ Infinitary Languages N oo~.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52140487049489,"sku":"NLS9789400998278","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52932537155857,"sku":"NIN9789400998278","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789400998278.jpg?v=1757574875"},{"product_id":"theory-change-ancient-axiomatics-and-galileos-methodology-book-jaakko-hintikka-9789027711267","title":"Theory Change, Ancient Axiomatics, and Galileo’s Methodology","description":"The two volumes to which this is a preface consist of the Proceedings of the Second International Conference on History and Philosophy of Science. The Conference was organized by the Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) of the IUHPS, the Italian Society for Logic and under the auspices Philosophy of Science, and the Domus Galilaeana of Pisa, headed by Professor Vincenzo Cappelletti. Domus GaIilaeana also served as the host institution, with some help from the University of Pisa. The Conference took place in Pisa, Italy, on September 4-8, 1978. The editors of these two volumes of the Proceedings of the Pisa Conference acknowledge with gratitude the help by the different sponsoring organizations, and in the first place that by both, Divisions of the IUHPS, which made the Conference possible.' A special recognition is due to Professor Evandro Agazzi, President of the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science, who was co- opted as an additional member of the Organizing Committee. 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The English translation of the chapter entitled 'Philosophie', from Wittgenstein's typescript number 213 (von Wright), appears here with permission of Wittgenstein's literary heirs, without affecting existing copyrights. The original German version of this chapter was edited by Heikki Nyman and appeared in Revue Internationale de Philosophie 43 (1989), pp. 175-203. Jaakko Hintikka's article (87, No.2) first appeared in a shorter form in The Times Literary Supplement No. 4565 (28 September to 4 October 1990, p. 1030). The present version appears with the permis- sion of The Times Literary Supplement, which is gratefully acknowl- edged. 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But there is an additional debt owed, not simply for the locale but for the very substance of the Conference, to the two Finnish scholars who have jointly authored the present volume. For this volume represents not only the first part of the published proceedings of this First International Conference in the History and Philosophy of Science, but also, most fittingly, the paper that opened the Conference itself. Yet the appropriateness of the paper from which this book has resulted opening the Conference lies far less in the fact that it was a contribution by two Finnish authors to a meeting hosted in Finland than it does to the fact that this paper, and now the present book, comes to grips in an extreme- ly direct way with the very problem the whole Conference was from the outset designed to treat. 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It seems to us, however, that the notion of information is also destined to render valuable services to the student of induction and probability, of learning and reinforcement, of semantic meaning and deductive inference, as well as of scientific method in general. The present volume is an attempt to illustrate some of these uses of information concepts. In 'On Semantic Information' Hintikka summarizes some of his and his associates' recent work on information and induction, and comments briefly on its philosophical suggestions. Jamison surveys from the sub- jectivistic point of view some recent results in 'Bayesian Information Usage'. Rosenkrantz analyzes the information obtained by experimen- tation from the Bayesian and Neyman-Pearson standpoints, and also from the standpoint of entropy and related concepts. The much-debated principle of total evidence prompts Hilpinen to examine the problem of measuring the information yield of observations in his paper 'On the Information Provided by Observations'. Pietarinen addresses himself to the more general task of evaluating the systematizing ('explanatory') power of hypotheses and theories, a task which quickly leads him to information concepts. Domotor develops a qualitative theory of information and entropy. 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Our approach can be described by indicating what distinguishes it from the methodological ideas current in theoretical linguistics, which I consider seriously misguided. Linguists typically construe their task in these days as that of making exceptionless generalizations from particular examples. This explanatory strategy is wrong in several different ways. It presupposes that we can have intuitions about particular examples, usually examples invented by the linguist himself or herself, reliable and sharp enough to serve as a basis of sharp generalizations. It also presupposes that we cannot have equally reliable direct access to general linguistic regularities. Both assumptions appear to me extremely dubious, and the first of them has in effect been challenged by linguists like Dwight Bol inger. There is also some evidence that the degree of unanimity among linguists is fairly low when it comes to less clear cases, even in connection with such relatively simple questions as grammaticality (acceptability). For this reason we have tried to rely more on quotations from contemporary fiction, newspapers and magazines than on linguists' and philosophers' ad hoc examples. I also find it strange that some of the same linguists as believe that we all possess innate ideas about general characteristics of humanly possible grammars assume that we can have access to them only via their particular consequences.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52401767153937,"sku":"NLS9789027720566","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027720566.jpg?v=1758755763"},{"product_id":"rudolf-carnap-logical-empiricist-book-jaakko-hintikka-9789027705839","title":"Rudolf Carnap, Logical Empiricist","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52407971512593,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52407972266257,"sku":"NLS9789027705839","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027705839.jpg?v=1758773753"},{"product_id":"intentions-of-intentionality-and-other-new-models-for-modalities-book-jaakko-hintikka-9789027706348","title":"The Intentions of Intentionality and Other New Models for Modalities","description":"The leisure to do the thinking whose results are gathered here has largely been provided by the Academy of Finland, whose support has also made possible the help and co-operation of a group of younger logicians and philosophers. Less tangible support and help is unfortunately harder to record and to thank for. Once again, in working on the many themes I have tried to weave together in this book I have incurred more intellectual and moral debts I can in so many words acknowledge here. Let me only say that the closer to home I get the greater they become. I have especially in mind my colleagues and students at Stanford; my colleagues in Helsinki; the past and present members of my research group in Helsinki; and incom- parably more than anybody else my wife Soili. Helsinki, April 1975 JAKO HINTIKA INTRODUCTION A literal-minded reader might easily object to the (sub)title of this volume. What is to be found here, he might allege, are neither models, nor modalities stricto sensu, nor yet any completely new applications of modal logic. Even though the purpose of the title is only to signal the con- tinuity between the present volume and its predecessor, Models for Modalities (D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, 1969), the objection is sufficiently well taken to serve as an excuse for an attempt to put my enterprise in a wider perspective.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52428311789841,"sku":"NLS9789027706348","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027706348.jpg?v=1759163753"},{"product_id":"approaches-to-natural-language-book-jaakko-hintikka-9789027702333","title":"Approaches to Natural Language","description":"The papers and comments published in the present volume represent the proceedings of a research workshop on the grammar and semantics of natural languages held at Stanford University in the fall of 1970. The workshop met first for three days in September and then for a period of two days in November for extended discussion and analysis. The workshop was sponsored by the Committee on Basic Research in Education, which has been funded by the United States Office of Education through a grant to the National Academy of Education and the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. We acknowledge with pleasure the sponsorship which made possible a series oflively and stimulating meetings that were both enjoyable and instructive for the three of us, and, we hope, for most of the participants, including a number of local linguists and philosophers who did not contribute papers but actively joined in the discussion. One of the central participants in the workshop was Richard Montague. We record our sense of loss at his tragic death early in 1971, and we dedicate this volume to his memory. None of the papers in the present volume discusses explicitly problems of education. In our view such a discussion is neither necessary nor sufficient for a contribution to basic research in education. There are in fact good reasons why the kind of work reported in the present volume constitutes an important aspect of basic research in education.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52429470531857,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52429471088913,"sku":"NLS9789027702333","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027702333.jpg?v=1759166968"},{"product_id":"probabilistic-thinking-thermodynamics-and-the-interaction-of-the-history-and-phi-book-jaakko-hintikka-9789048183616","title":"Probabilistic Thinking, Thermodynamics and the Interaction of the History and Philosophy of Science","description":"The two volumes to which this is apreface consist of the Proceedings of the Second International Conference on History and Philosophy of Science. The Conference was organized by the Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) under the auspices of the IUHPS, the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science, and the Domus Galilaeana of Pisa, headed by Professor Vincenzo Cappelletti. Domus Galilaeana also served as the host institution, with some help from the University of Pisa. The Conference took place in Pisa, Italy, on September 4-8, 1978. The editors of these two volumes of the Proceedings of the Pisa Conference acknowledge with gratitude the help by the different sponsoring organizations, and in the first place that by both Divisions of the IUHPS, which made the Conference possible. A special recognition is due to Professor Evandro Agazzi, President of the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science, who was co- opted as an additional member of the Organizing Committee. 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Both of us are particularly indebted to Jan not only with regards to profes­ sional matters, but some private ones as well. Hence, we hope that he forgives us an occasional lapse into fondness and affection. That said, may the list of bis personalmerits remain shrouded in mystery; rather than unveil them, we open here by appraising Jan's presence from a broader perspective. Tonote that Jan was not always a part of our lives would not evoke surprise. However, to imagine the Institute of Pbilosophy on Grodzka Street or Krakow pbilosophy without him in it would be a harder task-at least for us, Nonethe­ less, we do remember the days when he was commuting to Krakow as a guest lecturer. Is there anything about those days which particularly comes to mind? To shed light on the story which follows, one must begin by stating that the early 1980s when we were studying philosophy was not a bright period. The great masters of Krakow philosophy-Ingarden, Mehlberg, Zawirski, or Dambska-\u0026gt; were either dead or, for political reasons, kept silent. The years following Martial Law (1981-1983) were intellectually very blighted and barren. 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The results of such a re-examination are not primarily critical, however, but typically open up new constructive possibilities. The consequences of such deconstructions and reconstructions are often quite sweeping, and are explored in the same paper or in others.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52478381785361,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52478382965009,"sku":"NLS9789048149230","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789048149230.jpg?v=1759847094"},{"product_id":"aspects-of-metaphor-book-jaakko-hintikka-9789048143856","title":"Aspects of Metaphor","description":"Metaphor is one of the most frequently evoked but at the same  time most poorly understood concepts in philosophy and literary  theory. In recent years, several interesting approaches to metaphor  have been presented or outlined. In this volume, authors of some of  the most important new approaches re-present their views or illustrate  them by means of applications, thus allowing the reader to survey some  of the prominent ongoing developments in this field. These authors  include Robert Fogelin, Susan Haack, Jaakko Hintikka (with Gabriel  Sandu), Bipin Indurkhya and Eva Kittay (with Eric Steinhart). Their  stance is in the main constructive rather than critical; but frequent  comparisons of different views further facilitate the reader's  overview. In the other contributions, metaphor is related to the  problems of visual representation (Noel Carroll), to the open  class test (Avishai Margalit and Naomi Goldblum) as well as to  Wittgenstein's idea of 'a way of life' (E.M. 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Using this new logic, Hintikka  establishes a result that will undoubtedly be considered the  fundamental theorem of all epistemology, viz., the virtual  identity of optimal strategies of pure discovery with optimal  deductive strategies. Questions to Nature, of course, must include  observations and experiments. Hintikka shows, in fact, how the logic  of experimental inquiry can be understood from the interrogative  vantage point. 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