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In the east, the British and the Germans were the first to take possession, with Australia taking over the entire west after 1914. Treatment of the Papuans differed considerably. In the west, it was almost complete neglect as the Dutch were mostly interested in the productive money generating parts of the East Indies, lacking in West New Guinea. In what became Papua New Guinea, working in plantations and gold mining depended on cheap Papuan labor, with their treatment showing considerable variation. World War II affected the two sides quite differently. The Japanese juggernaut rolled over the north coast of West New Guinea, then that of PNG before being stopped in the Solomon Islands. The expulsion of the Japanese took nearly three years on the PNG side but only a few months in WNG. 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For better or worse, a section of the Kamoro lands lie within the contract of works area of the huge Grasberg mine operated by Freeport Indonesia, and majority owned by the Indonesian government. The mining company has financed several large-scale programs beneficial to the affected villages to compensate them for their lost sago groves. One of these programs which I ran for 20 years helped to revive and encourage their culture and traditional woodcarving skills. Whilst I have based this book on my personal experiences on this group, I have also sought out the works of explorers, missionaries and anthropologists who have gone before me. THE SERIES The aim is to provide a conduit for the publication of studies on the Island of New Guinea, with its two established political divisions, but will also include other associated patterns of islands. It will enable contributions from new knowledge workers-with their dissertations-and from established scholars. As there are numerous scholars who would like better coverage of the areas in which they have explored-as a tribute to the people they have worked with-as well as local scholars who understand the importance of their unique areas. It is felt that the approaches being trialed in the visual anthropology part of the series as area studies will bring a wider attention to the remarkable nature of the island. The first volumes will be on modes of communication: oral history and folklore, and the emergence of a local literature. While the representation of all disciplines is welcome, comparative and whole island studies would be of great interest as well. For this, collaborative works or edited volumes may be needed. 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After the introduction, Section One treats the following topics: Basic Influences (geology, the Ice Ages, and landforms); Plant and Animal Life; Origins of New Guinea Animals; Molluscs; Crustacea (shrimps, crayfish, and crabs); Insects (butterflies and beetles); Fresh Water Fishes; Amphibians (frogs and toads); Reptiles (snakes, turtles, crocodiles); Birds (in different environments); Mammals. Section Two includes Vegetation; Insects; Fresh Water Fishes; Amphibians and Reptiles; Birds and Mammals. Section Three concentrates on the name of plants and animals used by the Kamoro. An Appendix lists animals with their Latin, English, Indonesian, and Kamoro designations. Much new research has given ever-increasing information about the various animal groups during the past two decades. The author has made only a few updates on the frogs, thanks to Dr. Steve Richards. The other chapters were left largely as in the original text. 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While the priests were interested in the Marind culture, it took a trained Swiss anthropologist, Paul Wirz, to study the culture in depth during his 1916 to 1919 field work when he immersed himself totally in the Marind Society and took a series of excellent photographs some of which illustrate this book. While the missionaries published their reports of the Marind in Dutch, Wirz printed all his research only in German. It took a Dutch scholar and administrator, Jan van Baal, to compile all the available information on the Marind in a huge book called Dema, in the English language. Most of this current book on the Marind is based on Van Baal great work, published in 1960. We have added a few other publications for a better sense of perspective. 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