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For instance, klésa undoubtedly has a meaning in Sanskrit similar to that of, i.e. affliction, distress, trouble. In Buddhism affliction (or, as it may be understood from Chinese, the afflicters, distressers, troublers) means passions and illusions; and consequently fan-nao in Buddhist phraseology has acquired this technical connotation of the passions and illusions. Many terms of a similar character are noted in the body of this work. 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A meticulously researched work, it traces the development of Buddhist thought and practice in China, revealing how this ancient religion was not just a spiritual import, but a transformative force that shaped Chinese culture, society, and even politics over centuries. From its earliest introduction during the Han Dynasty to its profound influence on Chinese art, literature, and intellectual life, Hodous examines how Buddhism adapted to and blended with China's indigenous traditions. He delves into the lives and teachings of key Buddhist figures, the formation of Chinese Buddhist schools, and the unique synthesis that emerged in China, including the development of Chan Buddhism (later known as Zen). This work is both a historical account and an exploration of the spiritual and philosophical journey of Buddhism in China, offering readers a deeper understanding of one of the world's most influential religions and its enduring legacy in the Middle Kingdom. 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