{"title":"Michael Fredholm Von Essen","description":"\u003cp\u003eDelve into the gripping thrillers of Michael Fredholm von Essen. Explore tales of suspense, intricate plots, and unforgettable characters. Perfect for fans of Scandinavian crime fiction and international intrigue. Start your journey here.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"swedens-war-in-muscovy-1609-1617-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781804510087","title":"Swedens War in Muscovy 1609-1617","description":"This study describes and analyses the Swedish campaign in Muscovy of 1609-1610 and the Ingrian War of 1610-1617 between Sweden and Muscovy; both wars took place during Russia's 'Time of Troubles'. Faced with a serious threat from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Moscow entered into an alliance with Sweden and ultimately offered the crown to the young Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Initially, a Swedish expeditionary force, commanded by Jacob De la Gardie, marched to Moscow to save Muscovy from a Polish-Lithuanian army. However, the Swedish and Muscovite armies were defeated in the battle of Klushino. Later, Sweden conquered Novgorod. But while the representatives of Gustavus Adolphus ruled Muscovy from Novgorod, a coup in Moscow led to the assumption of power by the first Tsar of the Romanov dynasty. Sweden accordingly entered into a war against Muscovy - the Ingrian War, in which Gustavus Adolphus laid siege to Pskov. The war ended in 1617 with the Treaty of Stolbovo, by which Muscovy ceded key territories to Sweden while Sweden recognized the House of Romanov as rulers of Muscovy. For Sweden, the Treaty of Stolbovo has been described as the most successful peace ever negotiated with Muscovy, or with Russia. For Muscovy, the Treaty marked the ascension of the House of Romanov. In both countries, the war led to significant military reforms that, in time, would make both the Swedish and the Muscovite military establishments forces to be reckoned with. For Gustavus Adolphus, who arrived in 1614 to personally take command of the Swedish war effort, the war in Muscovy proved a significant step on his path to becoming a successful commander during the subsequent Thirty Years' War. In this study Michael Fredholm von Essen presents new research on two wars rarely described in English language works. Additionally, the book details the military systems of both Sweden and Muscovy, with notes about the Commonwealth expeditionary armies, and explains the development of the Swedish Army in the period prior to the Thirty Years' War, in which Gustavus Adolphus was to use it with great success.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49540851466513,"sku":"GOR013762491","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49778120982801,"sku":"NGR9781804510087","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ LIKE_NEW \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":51893446672657,"sku":"GOR014450753","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1804510084.jpg?v=1751630363"},{"product_id":"charles-xis-war-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781911628002","title":"Charles XIs War","description":"The book describes and analyses the Scanian War, which was fought from 1675 to 1679 between, on one side, primarily Brandenburg and Denmark-Norway and, on the other, SE - Sweden. The war was mainly fought in Scania, the former Danish lands along the border with Sweden, and in northern Germany. The Danish objective was to retrieve Scania which, a generation earlier, had been captured by SE - Sweden and ceded by Denmark. However, the Danish invasion of Scania was defeated by the young Swedish King Charles XI. Although the Danish fleet was victorious at sea, and an alliance headed by Brandenburg defeated the Swedes in Germany, the subsequent peace negotiations resulted in no major territorial changes. Danish partisans continued guerrilla operations in Scania for years, yet the former Danish territories remained in Swedish hands. The Scanian War was bloody, even by contemporary standards, and from a military point of view, quite inconclusive. Yet, SE - Sweden's experiences in the Scanian War laid the foundation for the first substantial reform of the Swedish army since the Thirty Years' War. Based on what he had learnt, King Charles XI restructured the Swedish army and established a comprehensive military system that enabled SE - Sweden to repeatedly mobilize trained armies during the even more devastating Great Northern War (1700-1721) which followed a generation later. Moreover, several recent archaeological excavations have increased our knowledge of the Scanian War, as well as the conditions of late seventeenth-century battles. The book describes the war and its results, and summarizes the archaeological findings.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49734929842449,"sku":"NGR9781911628002","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50614511862033,"sku":"GOR011090354","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1911628003.jpg?v=1751631972"},{"product_id":"muscovy-s-soldiers-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781912390106","title":"Muscovy's Soldiers","description":"The book describes and analyses the emergence of the early modern Russian army, before the military reforms introduced by Tsar Peter the Great brought it in line with developments in Western Europe. It will be shown that Tsar Peter's reforms, although decisive, rested on a legacy of previous reforms. Yet, the origin of the early modern Russian army can be found in the East, not the West. The close association during the Middle Ages with the Mongol Golden Horde had transformed the Muscovite military system into a Eurasian one. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, links with the Northern Caucasus and Siberia brought further Oriental influences into the Russian military system. While the Mongol legacy of the early Muscovite army has been described elsewhere, the real and continuous impact of Oriental influences in the early modern Russian army has not yet been detailed. Besides, the detailed information on the Russian army in 1673\/1674 which can be found in the military handbook then produced by a Swedish intelligence officer has never been fully used in English-language works. This information shows that by the second half of the seventeenth century, Russia already had an army that although not up to date according to Western standards, still was able to hold its own against both Western and Eastern adversaries. The book ends with 1689, when Tsar Peter's reign began and Russia's border in the east with China was negotiated.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49737754706193,"sku":"NGR9781912390106","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50624504627473,"sku":"GOR009467890","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1912390108.jpg?v=1751632785"},{"product_id":"charles-xs-wars-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781914059759","title":"Charles Xs Wars","description":"This book describes and analyses the 'Swedish Deluge' (potop szwedski), the devastating 1655-1660 wars fought between Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Brandenburg-Prussia, Muscovite Russia, Transylvania, Cossack Ukraine, the Tatar Khanate of Crimea, and the Holy Roman Empire during the reign of Swedish King Charles X Gustavus, an experienced former general from the Thirty Years' War. By invading the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, King Charles saw an opportunity to put an end to the Polish King's claim to the Swedish throne and to gain additional territories which would enable him to control the Baltic Sea maritime trade. The book focuses on the Swedish-Commonwealth war, which provoked the political and military collapse of the Commonwealth. However, since this conflict cannot be disentangled from the simultaneous wars between the Commonwealth and Muscovy, from 1654 to 1667, and between Sweden and Muscovy, from 1656 to 1661, they are described as well. Meanwhile, the Ukrainian cossacks fought for freedom from what they perceived as the oppression of the Commonwealth. Michael Fredholm von Essen presents new research on a war previously seldom described in English. Moreover, the book explains the continued development of the Swedish Army after the Thirty Years' War. It also provides full details on the dissimilar military systems of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Brandenburg-Prussia, Muscovite Russia, Cossack Ukraine, Transylvania, the Crimean Tatar Khanate, and the Imperial expeditionary forces engaged in the Swedish Deluge.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49740926910737,"sku":"NGR9781914059759","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50611224609041,"sku":"GOR012432520","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1914059751.jpg?v=1751632331"},{"product_id":"the-hunt-for-the-storozhevoy-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781915070708","title":"The The Hunt for the Storozhevoy","description":"\u003cb\u003e\"This book is a careful account of an ill-fated attempt to initiate internal political reform in the USSR fifteen years before its collapse.\" --The Northern Mariner\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e In 1975, Lieutenant Commander Valeriy Sablin led his crew in a mutiny on the Soviet warship Storozhevoy. The ship was then located in Riga, Soviet Latvia. Sablin's avowed intention was to foment a new communist revolution by taking the warship to Leningrad, where he expected to receive the support of the navy and the masses. However, the Soviet leadership thought that Sablin intended to defect to Sweden, bringing with him a warship of modern design with all its armaments, electronics, communication devices, and code books. As a result, Soviet supreme leader Leonid Brezhnev ordered the destruction of the warship. After several dramatic, but ultimately failed, attacks on the Storozhevoy, Colonel General Sergey Gulyayev, commander of the Naval Aviation of the Baltic Fleet, personally ordered a missile launch against the Storozhevoy, employing the special protocol for the launch of nuclear missiles. The purpose of the launch was to destroy the warship. However, by then the crew had already detained Sablin and announced their intention to surrender. The air crews did not know this; however, their commanding officer, Colonel Arkhip Savinkov, never launched the missile, instead faking a radar malfunction. The mutiny was over.Due to the very serious implications of the suppressed mutiny, and the difficulties in finding and attacking the Storozhevoy, which showed that the combat readiness of the Soviet armed forces was less than desired, the participating air crews were ordered to destroy any documentation of the incident and keep quiet about what had happened. As a result, not even the KGB could later piece together all events of the incident, nor is there information in Soviet archives on all the actions taken. For much of the mutiny, the Soviet Navy did not even know the correct location of the Storozhevoy. However, the Swedish SIGINT service monitored the entire incident in real time. The Swedish SIGINT reporting enables a detailed, blow-by-blow description of the events. Being real-time intercepts, the reporting is a far more trustworthy source than the later, often embellished accounts previously published. For this reason, the book offers a detailed and authoritative account of the mutiny based on the SIGINT reporting, with supporting evidence from other surviving sources, together with an account of how Western intelligence interpreted and handled the reporting.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49741458604305,"sku":"NGR9781915070708","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50442193371409,"sku":"GOR013195247","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1915070708.jpg?v=1751632556"},{"product_id":"the-kalmar-war-1611-1613-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781804510063","title":"The The Kalmar War 1611-1613","description":"This is new research on a war with seldom published English accounts, detailing the military systems of Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The book describes and analyses the Kalmar War of 1611-1613 between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. Since Denmark controlled the Straits between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, Sweden sought an alternative trade route through the sparsely populated Arctic Lapland - an option enabled by the 1595 Treaty of Teusina (Tyavzino) with Muscovy. In 1607, King Charles IX of Sweden declared himself King of the Lapps and sent men to collect taxes in what by tradition was regarded as Norwegian territory. In response, King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway in 1611 declared war upon Sweden and invaded Swedish territory from the south. Operations also took place along the Swedish-Norwegian border and elsewhere in the Baltic region, on land and on sea. In addition, Sweden employed Scottish privateers and enlisted a Scottish corps which landed in Norway. Nonetheless, Denmark ultimately won the war. However, the Danish thrust against the Swedish heartland failed, and the Kalmar War was the last time when Denmark successfully defended its control of the Baltic Sea against Sweden. The principal commander on the Swedish side was the young Gustavus Adolphus, who later rose to prominence in the Thirty Years' War. The losses in the Kalmar War proved to Gustavus Adolphus that the Swedish army was becoming obsolete and needed thorough modernization. As a result, the defeat in the Kalmar War was the catalyst that prompted Gustavus Adolphus to reform the Swedish army, which in turn set Sweden on the path to become a regional great power in the subsequent Thirty Years' War. Michael Fredholm von Essen presents new research on a war previously seldom described in English. Moreover, the book details the military systems of Sweden and Denmark-Norway in the early seventeenth century and explains the development of the Swedish Army and the military thought of Gustavus Adolphus before he used his reformed army with great success in the Thirty Years' War.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49742905868561,"sku":"NGR9781804510063","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1804510068.jpg?v=1751632603"},{"product_id":"charles-x-s-wars-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781915113603","title":"Charles X's Wars","description":"The book describes and analyses the two devastating wars fought between Sweden and Denmark-Norway during the reign of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden, an experienced former general of the Thirty Years' War. The Dano-Swedish War of 1657-1658 was initiated by King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway, who saw an opportunity to recover the territories lost in 1645 and attacked Sweden while the Swedish King was fighting two simultaneous wars in the east - against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ('The Swedish Deluge') and Muscovite Russia. Based on his experiences in the Thirty Years' War, Charles X led an invasion army to Denmark from Sweden's possessions in Germany. After entering Jutland from the south, the Swedish army in a surprise winter campaign marched across the frozen Great Belt and Little Belt straits onto the Danish island of Zealand, threatening the Danish capital of Copenhagen. The rapid Swedish campaign took the Danes by surprise, and Denmark surrendered. The Dano-Swedish War of 1658-1660 was a continuation of the previous war between Sweden and Denmark. This time, Charles thought that the time was ripe to subjugate Denmark under the Swedish Crown. However, Denmark received support from the Netherlands, the Holy Roman Emperor, Brandenburg-Prussia, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In early 1660, Charles fell ill and died, which paved the way for the Treaty of Copenhagen that restored peace between Denmark and Sweden and for the first time established a lasting border between the two countries. Michael Fredholm von Essen presents new research on two wars rarely described in English. Additionally, the book explains the continued development of the Swedish Army and Navy after the Thirty Years' War and details the military systems of Sweden and Denmark-Norway.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49743415574801,"sku":"NGR9781915113603","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":51888739746065,"sku":"GOR014447594","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1915113601.jpg?v=1751630385"},{"product_id":"the-shogun-s-soldiers-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781804512500","title":"The The Shogun's Soldiers","description":"Details the organization, arms, armor, dress, and daily life of samurai, soldiers, and commoners in Edo-period Japan. Tokugawa Ieyasu's decisive victory at Sekigahara in 1600 concluded the civil wars, confirmed his position of military supremacy as shôgun (generalissimo) of Japan, and inaugurated the Edo period (1600-1868), so named because Ieyasu after the battle established his capital in Edo (modern-day Tokyo). By then, Japan was an advanced, outward-looking country. Previously preoccupied by internal warfare, Tokugawa-ruled Japan was unified, strong, and technologically developed to a degree inferior to Europe only in certain sciences, such as shipbuilding and artillery. Japan was technologically superior in some disciplines, including the production of firearms, an import the Japanese had mastered very quickly. Japanese traders, mercenaries, and adventurers were a common sight in South-East Asia. There were flourishing Japanese overseas colonies, especially in the Philippines, Siam (now Thailand), and Java. One Japanese merchant-adventurer even managed to set himself up as a minor kingin southern Siam. Japan was a strong military power as well. The armies of Japan were a match for any enemy, well armed and with considerable combat experience. However, the government of Japan in 1635 retreated into enforced seclusion, a seclusion aided by the geographical situation of the Japanese islands. The seclusion laws were rigorously enforced. As the Age of Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent global expansion of the European nations transformed the world, Japan chose isolation and stagnation. A major reason for this policy decision was military weakness. The Tokugawa army under Ieyasu had been numerically large, experienced, and well equipped, but since then, things had changed. Having defeated their enemies early in the century, the shogunate warriors settled down in castle towns. Many Tokugawa retainers settled permanently in Edo, where they soon lost the military edge they had once enjoyed. After 1615, the shôgun's soldiers were no longer needed for war. Technically there was no demobilization, however, with no more wars to fight, the shôgun's soldiers became townsmen in all but name. They retained samurai status but were no longer called up to fight. Yet, a Tokugawa army of sorts still existed. Volume Two continues the examination of the Edo period and the evolution of the Samurai class into a verity of new roles. No longer required to fight, many Samurai firstly discarded their distinctive armor and then their training. As a result, a transformation from warrior to townsman took place. New careers were adopted, with many becoming part of the respected Firewatch or police force. Former Samurai also became part of the justice system and ultimately were responsible for the carrying out of criminal sentences. The book finally seeks to understand the decline of Japanese martial prowess and that of the Samurai as a class with their integration into civilian society.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49743974924561,"sku":"NGR9781804512500","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1804512508.jpg?v=1751632605"},{"product_id":"the-lion-from-the-north-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781913118839","title":"The The Lion from the North","description":"The book describes and analyses the early modern Swedish army during the Thirty Years War after the death in 1632 of King Gustavus Adolphus. At this time, military operations were handled by field marshals under the overall command of the Swedish Chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna. The book expands our understanding of the Swedish army during the Thirty Years War by focusing on its later operations, including those against Polish and Danish opponents, and not only on the better-known operations in Germany against the Catholic League and the Holy Roman Empire. Meanwhile, Oxenstierna continued his administrative reforms, which enabled Sweden consistently to raise troops, despite the small population of Sweden and its territories, and enabled an intelligence and logistics system which could supply the armies, despite the vast geographical depth of operations. While the Swedish army of Gustavus Adolphus positioned Sweden as an emerging great power, it was the subsequent developments of the army under Oxenstierna that enabled the Swedish rise to regional great power status. While the army of Gustavus Adolphus has been described elsewhere, the Swedish army's later developments are less well known. Moreover, the book includes current research that has not yet appeared in the English language. It also describes the 1643-1645 Swedish invasion of Denmark ('Torstensson's War') and the battles and sieges, including those of Vienna and Prague, that led up to the Peace of Westphalia, which concluded the Thirty Years War. Finally, the book covers the military aspects of the establishment of Sweden's first American colony.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49777666392337,"sku":"NGR9781913118839","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50610913280273,"sku":"GOR011381972","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ LIKE_NEW \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":51893446607121,"sku":"GOR014450754","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1913118835.jpg?v=1751631681"},{"product_id":"the-shogun-s-soldiers-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781915070333","title":"The The Shogun's Soldiers","description":"Tokugawa Ieyasu's decisive victory at Sekigahara in 1600 concluded the civil wars, confirmed his position of military supremacy as shogun (generalissimo) of Japan, and inaugurated the Edo period (1600-1868), so named because Ieyasu after the battle established his capital in Edo (modern-day Tokyo). By then, Japan was an advanced, outward-looking country. Previously preoccupied by internal warfare, Tokugawa-ruled Japan was unified, strong, and technologically developed to a degree inferior to Europe only in certain sciences, such as shipbuilding and artillery. Japan was technologically superior in some disciplines, including the production of firearms, an import the Japanese had mastered very quickly. Japanese traders, mercenaries, and adventurers were a common sight in South-East Asia. There were flourishing Japanese overseas colonies, especially in the Philippines, Siam (now Thailand), and Java. One Japanese merchant-adventurer even managed to set himself up as a minor king in southern Siam. Japan was a strong military power as well. The armies of Japan were a match for any enemy, well-armed and with considerable combat experience. However, the government of Japan in 1635 retreated into enforced seclusion, a seclusion aided by the geographical situation of the Japanese islands. The seclusion laws were rigorously enforced. As the age of enlightenment, the industrial revolution, and the subsequent global expansion of the European nations transformed the world, Japan chose isolation and stagnation. A major reason for this policy decision was military weakness. The Tokugawa army under Ieyasu had been numerically large, experienced, and well-equipped, but since then, things had changed. Having defeated their enemies early in the century, the shogunate warriors settled down in castle towns. Many Tokugawa retainers settled permanently in Edo. There they soon lost the military edge they once had enjoyed. After 1615, the shogun's soldiers were no longer needed for war. Technically, there was no demobilization. However, with no more wars to fight, the shogun's soldiers in all but name became townsmen. They retained samurai status but were no longer called up to fight. Yet, a Tokugawa army of sorts still existed. This book describes the organization, arms, armor, dress, and daily life of samurai, soldiers, and commoners in Edo-period Japan. Occasionally, the shogunate military had to intervene, mostly against bandits but also during more serious military incidents, including conspiracies against the shogunate. Moreover, the shogun's soldiers had to assume a major role in law enforcement and firefighting. The focus of the present book is a military and social history of how the formerly so powerful Tokugawa clan army rapidly lost its combat preparedness, and how this persuaded the Tokugawa shogunate to initiate a policy of enforced seclusion.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49777836622097,"sku":"NGR9781915070333","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ LIKE_NEW \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50308197482769,"sku":"GOR012580711","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50402459189521,"sku":"CIN1915070333G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50932994146577,"sku":"GOR013433815","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1915070333.jpg?v=1751631414"},{"product_id":"charles-xs-wars-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781915070302","title":"Charles Xs Wars","description":"This book describes and analyses the 'Swedish Deluge' (potop szwedski), the devastating 1655-1660 series of wars fought between Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Brandenburg-Prussia, Muscovite Russia, Transylvania, Cossack Ukraine, the Tatar Khanate of Crimea, and the Holy Roman Empire during the reign of Swedish King Charles X Gustavus, an experienced former general from the Thirty Years' War. By invading the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, King Charles saw an opportunity to put an end to the Polish King's claim to the Swedish throne and to gain additional territories which would enable him to control the Baltic Sea maritime trade. The book focuses on the Swedish-Commonwealth war, which provoked the political and military collapse of the Commonwealth. However, since this conflict cannot be disentangled from the simultaneous wars between the Commonwealth and Muscovy, from 1654 to 1667, and between Sweden and Muscovy, from 1656 to 1661, they are described as well. Meanwhile, the Ukrainian cossacks fought for freedom from what they perceived as the oppression of the Commonwealth. Michael Fredholm von Essen presents new research on a war previously seldom described in English. Moreover, the book explains the continued development of the Swedish Army after the Thirty Years' War. It also provides full details on the dissimilar military systems of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Brandenburg-Prussia, Muscovite Russia, Cossack Ukraine, Transylvania, the Crimean Tatar Khanate, and the Imperial expeditionary forces engaged in the Swedish Deluge. The wars of the Swedish Deluge were complex in origin and operations and covered a huge territory, from the Arctic north to the shores of the Black Sea. For this reason, the present work is divided into three volumes. Volume 1 describes the armies of the countries at war during the Deluge. Volume 2 will describe the wars in the east, during the period 1655-1657. Volume 3, finally, will describe the Danish wars of 1657-1660 and the conclusion of the wars in the east.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49883721466129,"sku":"NGR9781915070302","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50291402735889,"sku":"CIN1915070309G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":51888739713297,"sku":"GOR014447593","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1915070309.jpg?v=1751632284"},{"product_id":"army-of-the-manchu-empire-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781804513477","title":"The Army of the Manchu Empire","description":"\u003cb\u003eNew research on an army that details the military system of Qing China, which fought a variety of enemies ranging from Ming Chinese, Mongols, and Tibetans to Russians and Western Colonial armies.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e This book describes and analyses the Manchu, or Qing, army in all its aspects. The emphasis lies on the Qing army in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century, because this is the time when the Manchu military system developed its own characteristics and reached maturity. Furthermore, having achieved this and in the process conquered one of the largest empires ever gained, the Qing army changed but little before c. 1850, when the Taiping War marked the beginning of the end of the Qing empire, as well as changed the character of the Manchu military system. In its heyday, the Qing army achieved a number of significant victories. First, it conquered Ming China. The Qing consistently achieved victories against numerically superior Ming armies. The Qing military operated as combined arms armies, successfully joining the various strengths of cavalry, infantry, and artillery. The Qing army was for cultural and historical reasons particularly strong in cavalry, as could be expected from a power that had incorporated numerous Mongols into its ranks. On the strategic level, this intimate level of cooperation with steppe nomads and the deep understanding thereby achieved of steppe politics and political systems of nomad states, enabled the Qing state to extend its borders further to the north and west than any previous sedentary ruler of China.In the tropical countries to the south of China, the Qing army experienced both victories and serious losses, especially to disease. In this they showed similarities with the various European armies of the time. The Portuguese colonial troops in southern China proved no obstacle to Qing conquests.Perhaps the clearest indication of the versatility of the Qing military system was its successful containment of the very active Russian expansion then underway. The two treaties of Nerchinsk in 1689 and Kyakhta in 1727 delimited the Manchu-Russian border exactly where the Manchus wanted it to be, and the border selected by the Manchus remained unchallenged until the second half of the nineteenth century. Indeed, the border delimited at that time forms the backbone of the national borders of the region to this day.In this book, Michael Fredholm von Essen presents new research on an army and military campaigns previously seldom described in English. He explains the development of the Manchu Conquest and Imperial Qing Armies and details the military system of Qing China, which until 1912 fought a variety of enemies ranging from Ming Chinese, Koreans, Mongols, Tibetans, Gurkhas, Burmese, and Vietnamese to Russians and Western Colonial armies.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49883727134993,"sku":"NGR9781804513477","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50761030074641,"sku":"GOR014062262","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1804513474.jpg?v=1751631742"},{"product_id":"peter-the-greats-disastrous-defeat-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781804514436","title":"Peter the Greats Disastrous Defeat","description":"\u003cb\u003eA detailed study of the Battle of Narva, where Charles XII of Sweden defeated Peter the Great, showcasing new research and tactics.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The Battle of Narva, in which Charles XII of Sweden defeated Peter the Great of Russia, occurred during the Great Northern War. Peter the Great's Disastrous Defeat describes the campaign, presents new research on the battle, details the opposing Swedish and Russian armies, and explains the continued development of the Swedish army.Swedish military might and regional power had expanded immensely during the seventeenth century. A series of successful conquests had transformed the little northern kingdom of Sweden into a great regional power, centered on the Baltic Sea. By the end of the century, the accession to the Swedish throne of Charles XII, a mere youngster without known military experience, convinced the neighboring monarchs that it finally was payback time. In 1699, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway, King Augustus II of Saxony and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Tsar Peter I of Russia formed a triple alliance against Sweden. The three monarchs wanted to reconquer lands lost to Sweden during its expansion. King Frederick wished to regain the lost Scanian provinces and Holstein-Gottorp. King Augustus coveted Swedish Livonia, while Tsar Peter desired the ports on the eastern Baltic shore. Soon, Tsar Peter of Russia declared war and attacked Swedish Ingria in the Gulf of Finland. A large Russian army laid siege to the vital port of Narva in modern-day Estonia.Having already successfully invaded Denmark and forced King Frederick of Denmark and Norway to withdraw from the war, King Charles turned his attention to the eastern front and Russia. After a long and arduous march, the Swedish army arrived on the outskirts of Narva in late November 1700. The Swedish King ordered his men immediately to attack the Russian fortified defense lines. With the help of a blizzard and with the wind at their back, the Swedes attacked and broke through the Russian defenses. Panicking, the Russians fled and ultimately surrendered to King Charles. It was a crushing defeat. Tsar Peter lost the entire army, including most senior commanders who fell into captivity, too. The battle had the immediate effect of the Russians evacuating the whole of Ingria.In \u003ci\u003ePeter the Great's Disastrous Defeat\u003c\/i\u003e, Michael Fredholm von Essen describes the events and tactics that led up to and resulted in the Swedish victory at Narva, presents new research on both the siege and battle and explains the continued development of the Swedish army under King Charles XII.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":50117383454993,"sku":"NGR9781804514436","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1804514438.jpg?v=1751632873"},{"product_id":"the-lion-from-the-north-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781911628576","title":"The The Lion from the North","description":"The book describes and analyses the early modern Swedish army, with a particular emphasis on the reforms introduced by King Gustavus Adolphus before and during the Thirty Years War. Furthermore, the book expands our understanding of the Swedish army during the Thirty Years War by also focusing on its operations on the eastern front, against Russian and Polish opponents, and not only on the better-known operations in Germany against the Catholic League and the Holy Roman Empire. Sweden had a long history of conflict with neighboring countries, and the reforms introduced by King Gustavus Adolphus had their origin in wars fought in the early seventeenth century, before or in the early phases of the Thirty Years War. The Kalmar war with Denmark, the Novgorod and Pskov campaigns in Russia, the conquest of Livonia, and the war with Poland played important roles in preparing the Swedish army for the wars on the continent from 1630 onwards. While some of the technical and tactical innovations attributed to the Swedish Army in the Thirty Years War are myths, others were real. Possibly of yet more enduring importance were the Swedish Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna's administrative reforms. A conscription system was established which consistently managed to raise troops, despite the small population of Sweden and its territories. A logistics system was introduced which could supply the armies, despite the vast geographical depth of operations. The intelligence service was developed into a comprehensive support establishment to military operations. It is fair to say that the Swedish army that entered the Thirty Years War and the organization that enabled it formed the foundation for the subsequent Swedish rise to regional great power status. While the army of Gustavus Adolphus has been described elsewhere, the book includes current research that has not yet appeared in the English language. It also, unlike most previous works, explains how the Swedish experiences on the eastern front influenced Gustavus Adolphus and his views on how to build a modern army that could challenge the established great powers on the continent.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":50611224674577,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50611225166097,"sku":"GOR012872745","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":52608546636049,"sku":"NGR9781911628576","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1911628577.jpg?v=1751630201"},{"product_id":"confrontation-of-kings-1656-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781804516836","title":"Confrontation of Kings, 1656","description":"\u003ci\u003eConfrontation of Kings\u003c\/i\u003e presents, for the first time in English, the largest battle of the war of the Swedish Deluge (1655-1660). During three days of fighting, the Swedish-Brandenburg Alliance faced the combined Polish, Lithuanian, and Tatar armies. It was a clash between Western and Eastern styles of warfare, but it was also a clash between the irreconcilable Polish and Swedish monarchs, John II Casimir and Charles X Gustavus, over hegemony in the Baltic region.This is an in-depth study of the battle based on contemporary sources, including previously unpublished archival materials, many of which were written by soldiers who took part in the struggle. In addition, \u003ci\u003eConfrontation of Kings\u003c\/i\u003e provides full details on the dissimilar military systems of Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Brandenburg-Prussia, and the Tatar Khanate of the Crimea, with detailed reconstructions of the organisation and strength of the armies that confronted each other at Warsaw. The book will equally appeal to enthusiasts of military history and professional historians. The authors present new research on a war previously seldom described in English, describing the battle from the perspective of both sides. As well as examining the wider picture of the previous campaigns in Poland and the events that led up to the battle itself.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51511957848337,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":51511957881105,"sku":"NGR9781804516836","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/180451683X.jpg?v=1751457389"},{"product_id":"fall-of-the-merchant-farmer-republic-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781804518298","title":"Fall of the Merchant-Farmer Republic","description":"The Battle of Visby was fought during the Danish invasion of Gotland in 1361. Fall of the Merchant-Farmer Republic analyses the campaign, presents new research on the arms, armour, and military organisation of the Gotland merchant-farmer republic, details the opposing armies, and explains the outcome and its consequences.Gotland, the largest island in the Baltic, was an autonomous Swedish territory. Gotland suffered from tensions over trading rights between the traditional rural merchant-farmers and the burghers of heavily fortified Visby, which was part of the powerful Hanseatic League. The merchant-farmers of Gotland engaged in trade throughout the Baltic region, as well as from Britain to the Black Sea, directly competing with the wealthy and monopolistic Hanseatic League.When King Valdemar Atterdag landed on the island with Danish knights and seasoned German mercenaries, his chief adversary was the well-armed rural militia. After being defeated twice, the Gotlanders retreated to Visby, anticipating that the city's burgher militia and mercenaries would join them in resisting the invaders.The Battle of Visby ended in a catastrophic defeat for the Gotland militia, leaving thousands dead outside the city walls in what became one of the most infamous massacres of the Middle Ages. Their remains, discovered in modern archaeological excavations, provide an unparalleled window into the arms, armour, and organisation of a unique merchant-farmer society. Drawing on the latest battlefield archaeology and a wide range of Scandinavian and international sources, Fall of the Merchant-Farmer Republic reconstructs not only the course of the battle but also the political, economic, and cultural forces that shaped it. The result is the most detailed study to date of the Danish conquest of Gotland and its enduring impact on the balance of power in the Baltic.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51880400453905,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":51880400683281,"sku":"NGR9781804518298","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53181122281745,"sku":"NIN9781804518298","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}]},{"product_id":"whiskey-on-the-rocks-volume-1-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781804518656","title":"Whiskey on the Rocks Volume 1","description":"\u003cb\u003e\"... an excellent description of an important incident in the Cold War- one that continues to color Swedish-Russian relations to this day.\" - National Maritime Historical Society\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e This book describes and analyses the events surrounding the Soviet Navy Whiskey-class submarine of the Baltic Fleet which ran aground on 27 October 1981 on the south coast of Sweden, close to Naval Base Karlskrona, one of the largest Swedish military bases. The incident triggered a grave diplomatic and military crisis.Upon discovery, Swedish navy and army units quickly surrounded the submarine, and closed off the immediate area. Surveillance of Sweden's sea and land borders intensified. Swedish intelligence stepped up activities against Soviet Navy activities and communications. A tense diplomatic game began over the fate of the stranded submarine and its crew. The Soviets claimed that the submarine had entered Swedish waters by accident, and demanded that it be allowed to leave without further inspection of the vessel or interrogation of its crew. The Swedes demanded further clarification with regard to the submarine's mission and activities. Meanwhile, Swedish technical intelligence concluded that the submarine carried nuclear weapons, ultimately identified as torpedoes with nuclear warheads. The submarine crew took measures to blow up the submarine, in case Swedish special forces would storm the vessel - a contingency that the Swedish Armed Forces indeed prepared for.To exacerbate the political and military crisis, Swedish intelligence and naval reconnaissance noted the unannounced arrival of a number of Soviet warships which anchored just outside Swedish territorial waters. The Soviet naval task force, commanded by Vice Admiral Aleksey Kalinin on the destroyer Obraztsovyy eventually consisted of more than ten Soviet warships. In response, Sweden's Prime Minister Thorbjörn Fälldin ordered the Armed Forces to defend the border, should the Soviets attempt a rescue of the stranded submarine.At the time, the international media saw the incident as evidence of extensive Soviet underwater activities in Swedish waters. The Swedish Armed Forces concluded that the violation was deliberate and part of illegal intelligence collection directed against Sweden. Yet, others argued that the violation was due to incompetence and substandard technical equipment rather than a conscious policy of aggression.In this book, Michael Fredholm von Essen describes the submarine incident, and presents new research on what happened based on recently declassified Swedish, Soviet, and U.S. military intelligence archival documents. He details the submarine's voyage into Swedish waters and the confrontation between Swedish and Soviet navy and air force elements He also explains the Soviet naval doctrine and fleet organization that formed the background to the submarine incident and indeed the Soviet Union's global naval stance.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51880401371409,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":51880401568017,"sku":"NGR9781804518656","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52710071304465,"sku":"NIN9781804518656","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781804518656.jpg?v=1776766785"},{"product_id":"hybrid-threats-book-michael-fredholm-von-essen-9781804518809","title":"Hybrid Threats","description":"\"...author Michael Fredholm von Essen, did an admirable job of defining a nebulous threat that is hard to recognize, much less counter.\" - IPMS\/USA Hybrid threats embody a mixture of violent, coercive and non-violent means in order to enable state and non-state actors to achieve their ends. The concept of hybrid threats has in recent years become an integral part of the security and national security policies adopted by the European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and indeed most Western countries. The concept also frequently appears in headline news. Yet, military intelligence services and security services seem unable to agree on how to define the phenomenon, or on how to take efficient countermeasures against them. 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The incident triggered a grave diplomatic and military crisis. Upon discovery, Swedish navy and army units quickly surrounded the submarine, and closed off the immediate area. Surveillance of Sweden's sea and land borders intensified. Swedish intelligence stepped up activities against Soviet Navy activities and communications. A tense diplomatic game began over the fate of the stranded submarine and its crew. The Soviets claimed that the submarine had entered Swedish waters by accident, and demanded that it be allowed to leave without further inspection of the vessel or interrogation of its crew. The Swedes demanded further clarification with regard to the submarine's mission and activities. Meanwhile, Swedish technical intelligence concluded that the submarine carried nuclear weapons, ultimately identified as torpedoes with nuclear warheads. The submarine crew took measures to blow up the submarine, in case Swedish special forces would storm the vessel - a contingency that the Swedish Armed Forces indeed prepared for. To exacerbate the political and military crisis, Swedish intelligence and naval reconnaissance noted the unannounced arrival of a number of Soviet warships which anchored just outside Swedish territorial waters. The Soviet naval task force, commanded by Vice Admiral Aleksey Kalinin on the destroyer Obraztsovyy eventually consisted of more than 10 Soviet warships. In response, Sweden's Prime Minister Thorbjörn Fälldin ordered the Armed Forces to 'hold the line!' and defend the border should the Soviets attempt a rescue of the stranded submarine. At the time, the international media saw the incident as evidence of extensive Soviet underwater activities in Swedish waters. The Swedish Armed Forces concluded that the violation was deliberate and part of illegal intelligence collection directed against Sweden. Yet, others argued that the violation was due to incompetence and substandard technical equipment rather than a conscious policy of aggression. In Whiskey on the Rocks, Volume 2, Michael Fredholm von Essen describes the submarine incident, and presents new research on what happened based on recently declassified Swedish, Soviet, and U.S. military intelligence archival documents. He details the submarine's voyage into Swedish waters and the confrontation between Swedish and Soviet navy and air force elements He also explains the Soviet naval doctrine and fleet organization that formed the background to the submarine incident and indeed the Soviet Union's global naval stance. 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