{"title":"Shahid Rahman","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"unity-of-science-in-the-arabic-tradition-book-shahid-rahman-9781402084041","title":"The Unity of Science in the Arabic Tradition","description":"the demise of the logical positivism programme. The answers given to these qu- tions have deepened the already existing gap between philosophy and the history and practice of science. While the positivists argued for a spontaneous, steady and continuous growth of scientific knowledge the post-positivists make a strong case for a fundamental discontinuity in the development of science which can only be explained by extrascientific factors. The political, social and cultural environment, the argument goes on, determine both the questions and the terms in which they should be answered. Accordingly, the sociological and historical interpretation - volves in fact two kinds of discontinuity which are closely related: the discontinuity of science as such and the discontinuity of the more inclusive political and social context of its development. More precisely it explains the discontinuity of the former by the discontinuity of the latter subordinating in effect the history of science to the wider political and social history. The underlying idea is that each historical and - cial context generates scientific and philosophical questions of its own. From this point of view the question surrounding the nature of knowledge and its development are entirely new topics typical of the twentieth-century social context reflecting both the level and the scale of the development of science.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49733364646161,"sku":"NGR9781402084041","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51142427902225,"sku":"NIN9781402084041","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52334284538129,"sku":"NLS9781402084041","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1402084048.jpg?v=1751337078"},{"product_id":"unity-of-science-in-the-arabic-tradition-book-shahid-rahman-9789048178704","title":"The Unity of Science in the Arabic Tradition","description":"the demise of the logical positivism programme. The answers given to these qu- tions have deepened the already existing gap between philosophy and the history and practice of science. While the positivists argued for a spontaneous, steady and continuous growth of scientific knowledge the post-positivists make a strong case for a fundamental discontinuity in the development of science which can only be explained by extrascientific factors. The political, social and cultural environment, the argument goes on, determine both the questions and the terms in which they should be answered. Accordingly, the sociological and historical interpretation - volves in fact two kinds of discontinuity which are closely related: the discontinuity of science as such and the discontinuity of the more inclusive political and social context of its development. More precisely it explains the discontinuity of the former by the discontinuity of the latter subordinating in effect the history of science to the wider political and social history. The underlying idea is that each historical and - cial context generates scientific and philosophical questions of its own. From this point of view the question surrounding the nature of knowledge and its development are entirely new topics typical of the twentieth-century social context reflecting both the level and the scale of the development of science.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51142700695825,"sku":"NIN9789048178704","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52425167503633,"sku":"NLS9789048178704","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9048178703.jpg?v=1751128247"},{"product_id":"hugh-maccoll-et-la-naissance-de-pluralisme-logique-book-shahid-rahman-9781904987826","title":"Hugh MacColl et la Naissance de Pluralisme Logique","description":"Hugh MacColl (1837-1909) fut un mathematicien et logicien qui passa les premieres annees de sa vie en Ecosse. Apres quelques annees de travail en differents lieux de Grande-Bretagne, il s'installa a Boulogne-sur-Mer (France), ou il developpa la majeure partie de son oeuvre et devint citoyen francais. Hugh MacColl fut connu en son temps pour ses contributions novatrices dans le monde de la logique. MacColl represente la premiere approche du pluralisme logique. Sa premiere contribution pour l'algebre logique du 19 DEGREESieme siecle fut son calcul qui n'autorise pas seulement une classe d'interpretation (comme dans l'algebre de Boole) mais aussi une interpretation propositionnelle. MacColl donna une preference a l'interpretation propositionnelle en raison de sa generalite et l'appela logique pure. Le connecteur principal de sa logique pure est le conditionnel et par consequent, son algebre contient un operateur specifique pour cet operateur. Dans \/Symbolic Logic and its Applications\/ (1906) (reimprime dans notre volume), MacColl publia la version achevee de sa(ses) logique(s) ou des propositions sont qualifiees soit de certaines, soit de impossibles, soit de contingentes, ou encore de vraies ou de fausses. Apres sa mort ses contributions au monde logique ne semblent pas avoir recues ni les remerciements ni les etudes systematiques qu'elles auraient meritees. Plus encore, nombre de ses idees furent attribuees a ses successeurs; les exemples les plus connus sont: la notion d'implication stricte, la premiere approche formelle de la logique modale et la discussion des paradoxes de l'implication materielle, habituellement attribuee a C.I. Lewis. Il en va de meme pour ce qui est de ses contributions a la logique probabiliste (probabilite conditionnelle), logique plurivalente (relationnelle), logique de la pertinence et logique connexe. Le fait qu'il ait aussi explore la possibilite de construire un systeme formel capable de raisonner avec des fictions est moins connu. Ce dernier point semble etre lie avec sa reconstruction formelle du syllogisme aristotelicien par le biais de la logique connexe. Le present volume comprend une reimpression des principaux ecrits logiques de MacColl.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52139896537361,"sku":"NLS9781904987826","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52755604439313,"sku":"NIN9781904987826","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781904987826.jpg?v=1757571558"},{"product_id":"unity-truth-and-the-liar-book-shahid-rahman-9789048178889","title":"Unity, Truth and the Liar","description":"Andinmy haste, I said: “Allmenare Liars” 1 —Psalms 116:11 The Original Lie Philosophical analysis often reveals and seldom solves paradoxes. To quote Stephen Read: A paradox arises when an unacceptable conclusion is supported by a plausible argument from apparently acceptable premises. [...] So three di?erent reactions to the paradoxes are possible: to show that the r- soning is fallacious; or that the premises are not true after all; or that 2 the conclusion can in fact be accepted. There are sometimes elaborate ways to endorse a paradoxical conc- sion. One might be prepared to concede that indeed there are a number of grains that make a heap, but no possibility to know this number. However, some paradoxes are more threatening than others; showing the conclusiontobeacceptableisnotaseriousoption,iftheacceptanceleads to triviality. Among semantic paradoxes, the Liar (in any of its versions) 3 o?ers as its conclusion a bullet no one would be willing to bite. One of the most famous versions of the Liar Paradox was proposed by Epimenides, though its attribution to the Cretan poet and philosopher has only a relatively recent history. It seems indeed that Epimenides was mentioned neither in ancient nor in medieval treatments of the Liar 1 Jewish Publication Society translation. 2 Read [1].","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52332742410513,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52332743065873,"sku":"NLS9789048178889","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789048178889.jpg?v=1758152564"},{"product_id":"unity-truth-and-the-liar-book-shahid-rahman-9781402084676","title":"Unity, Truth and the Liar","description":"Andinmy haste, I said: Allmenare Liars 1 -Psalms 116:11 The Original Lie Philosophical analysis often reveals and seldom solves paradoxes. To quote Stephen Read: A paradox arises when an unacceptable conclusion is supported by a plausible argument from apparently acceptable premises.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52402109350161,"sku":"NLS9781402084676","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781402084676.jpg?v=1758756789"},{"product_id":"new-developments-in-legal-reasoning-and-logic-book-shahid-rahman-9783030700836","title":"New Developments in Legal Reasoning and Logic","description":"This book intends to unite studies in different fields related to the development of the relations between logic, law and legal reasoning. Combining historical and philosophical studies on legal reasoning in Civil and Common Law, and on the often neglected Arabic and Talmudic traditions of jurisprudence, this project unites these areas with recent technical developments in computer science.    This combination has resulted in renewed interest in deontic logic and logic of norms that stems from the interaction between artificial intelligence and law and their applications to these areas of logic. The book also aims to motivate and launch a more intense interaction between the historical and philosophical work of Arabic, Talmudic and European jurisprudence.    The publication discusses new insights in the interaction between logic and law, and more precisely the study of different answers to the question: what role does logic play in legal reasoning? Varying perspectives include that of foundational studies (such as logical principles and frameworks) to applications, and historical perspectives.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52404279574801,"sku":"NLS9783030700836","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783030700836.jpg?v=1758763811"},{"product_id":"logic-epistemology-and-the-unity-of-science-book-shahid-rahman-9781402028076","title":"Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science","description":"The aim of the series Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science, of which this is the first volume, is to take up anew the challenge of considering the scientific enterprise in its entirety in light of recent developments in logic and philosophy. Developments in logic are especially relevant to the current situation in philosophy of science. At present, there is no single logic, single approach to semantics or well-defined conception of scientific method dominating the philosophy of science. At the same time, questions concerning linguistic, reductionist and foundationalist approaches to epistemology, the analytic and synthetic distinction as well as disputes concerning semantics and pragmatics have been illuminated by recent developments in logic. Given the power of such developments, discussions of the unity of science are even more intriguing and urgent than in the 20th century. The first title in this new series aims to explore, through extensive co-operation, new ways of achieving the integration of science in all its diversity. The present volume contains essays from some of the most important and influential philosophers in contemporary philosophy, discussing a range of topics such as philosophy of science, epistemology, philosophy of logic and game theoretical approaches. It will be of great interest to philosophers, computer scientists and all others interested in the scientific rationality.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52479228248337,"sku":"NLS9781402028076","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52748829950225,"sku":"NIN9781402028076","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781402028076.jpg?v=1759848364"},{"product_id":"logic-epistemology-and-the-unity-of-science-book-shahid-rahman-9789048124862","title":"Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science","description":"The aim of the series Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science, of which this is the first volume, is to take up anew the challenge of considering the scientific enterprise in its entirety in light of recent developments in logic and philosophy. 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The present volume contains essays from some of the most important and influential philosophers in contemporary philosophy, discussing a range of topics such as philosophy of science, epistemology, philosophy of logic and game theoretical approaches. It will be of great interest to philosophers, computer scientists and all others interested in the scientific rationality.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52484881088785,"sku":"NLS9789048124862","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789048124862.jpg?v=1759856923"},{"product_id":"immanent-reasoning-or-equality-in-action-book-shahid-rahman-9783319911489","title":"Immanent Reasoning or Equality in Action","description":"This monograph proposes a new way of implementing interaction in logic. It also provides an elementary introduction to Constructive Type Theory (CTT). The authors equally\t emphasize basic ideas and finer technical details. In addition, many worked out exercises and examples will help readers to better understand the concepts under discussion.  One of the chief ideas animating this study is that the dialogical understanding of definitional equality and its execution provide both a simple and a direct way of implementing the CTT approach within a game-theoretical conception of  meaning. In addition, the importance of the play level over the strategy level is stressed, binding together the matter of execution with that of equality and the finitary perspective on games constituting meaning.  According to this perspective the emergence of concepts are not only games of giving and asking for reasons (games involving Why-questions), they are also games that include moves establishing how it is that the reasons brought forward accomplish their explicative task. Thus, immanent reasoning games are dialogical games of Why and How.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52507879801105,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52507880456465,"sku":"NLS9783319911489","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783319911489.jpg?v=1760351276"},{"product_id":"inferences-by-parallel-reasoning-in-islamic-jurisprudence-book-shahid-rahman-9783030223847","title":"Inferences by Parallel Reasoning in Islamic Jurisprudence","description":"This monograph proposes a new (dialogical) way of studying the different forms of correlational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās. According to the authors’ view, qiyās represents an innovative and sophisticated form of dialectical reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal argumentation in general (including legal reasoning in Common and Civil Law) but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical reasoning studied in contemporary philosophy of science and argumentation theory.    After an overview of the emergence of qiyās and of the work of al-Shīrāzī penned by Soufi Youcef, the authors discuss al-Shīrāzī’s classification of correlational inferences of the occasioning factor (qiyās al-'illa). The second part of the volume deliberates on the system of correlational inferences by indication and resemblance (qiyās al-dalāla, qiyās al-shabah). The third part develops the main theoretical background of the authors’ work, namely, the dialogical approach to Martin-Löf's Constructive Type Theory. The authors present this in a general form and independently of adaptations deployed in parts I and II. Part III also includes an appendix on the relevant notions of Constructive Type Theory, which has been extracted from an overview written by Ansten Klev. The book concludes with some brief remarks on contemporary approaches to analogy in Common and Civil Law and also to parallel reasoning in general.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52535159226641,"sku":"NLS9783030223847","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783030223847.jpg?v=1760670454"},{"product_id":"inferences-by-parallel-reasoning-in-islamic-jurisprudence-book-shahid-rahman-9783030223816","title":"Inferences by Parallel Reasoning in Islamic Jurisprudence","description":"This monograph proposes a new (dialogical) way of studying the different forms of correlational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās. According to the authors’ view, qiyās represents an innovative and sophisticated form of dialectical reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal argumentation in general (including legal reasoning in Common and Civil Law) but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical reasoning studied in contemporary philosophy of science and argumentation theory.    After an overview of the emergence of qiyās and of the work of al-Shīrāzī penned by Soufi Youcef, the authors discuss al-Shīrāzī’s classification of correlational inferences of the occasioning factor (qiyās al-'illa). The second part of the volume deliberates on the system of correlational inferences by indication and resemblance (qiyās al-dalāla, qiyās al-shabah). The third part develops the main theoretical background of the authors’ work, namely, the dialogical approach to Martin-Löf's Constructive Type Theory. The authors present this in a general form and independently of adaptations deployed in parts I and II. Part III also includes an appendix on the relevant notions of Constructive Type Theory, which has been extracted from an overview written by Ansten Klev. The book concludes with some brief remarks on contemporary approaches to analogy in Common and Civil Law and also to parallel reasoning in general.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52589741244689,"sku":"NLS9783030223816","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783030223816.jpg?v=1761060684"},{"product_id":"immanent-reasoning-or-equality-in-action-book-shahid-rahman-9783030081874","title":"Immanent Reasoning or Equality in Action","description":"This monograph proposes a new way of implementing interaction in logic. It also provides an elementary introduction to Constructive Type Theory (CTT). The authors equally\t emphasize basic ideas and finer technical details. In addition, many worked out exercises and examples will help readers to better understand the concepts under discussion.  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Meme si les resultats des analyses ne semblent pas toujours converger, chacun des textes porte sur un element specifique qui sert de detour fructueux dans le but de fournir une reponse a la question ultime de la signification et de l'usage des fictions normatives. Ce livre represente une tentative d'analyse de la notion de fiction normative comme objet d'une confrontation interdisciplinaire specifique, une fois que le rapprochement entre les differents traitements de cette notion nous a permis de rechercher les motifs recurrents d'un champ a l'autre, mais aussi de mettre en relief les specificites de chaque approche particuliere. Le panorama realise dans ce volume sera certainement utile pour tous ceux qui abordent une recherche sur la fiction, ou encore pour les collegues qui, comme nous, aspirent a une etude systematique de la fiction de type normatif.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52659102155025,"sku":"NLS9781848900523","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53478964494609,"sku":"NIN9781848900523","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781848900523.jpg?v=1762262248"},{"product_id":"realism-antirealism-debate-in-the-age-of-alternative-logics-book-shahid-rahman-9789400719224","title":"The Realism-Antirealism Debate in the Age of Alternative Logics","description":"Under this view, epistemic contents are introduced into the object language as operators yielding propositions from propositions, rather than as metalogical constraints on the notion of inference.    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Others persisted with the formal background of the Frege-Tarski tradition, where Cantorian set theory is linked via model theory to classical logic. Jaakko Hintikka tried to unify both traditions by means of what is now known as `explicit epistemic logic'. Under this view, epistemic contents are introduced into the object language as operators yielding propositions from propositions, rather than as metalogical constraints on the notion of inference.  The Realism-Antirealism debate has thus had three players: classical logicians, intuitionists and explicit epistemic logicians. The editors of the present volume believe that in the age of Alternative Logics, where manifold developments in logic happen at a breathtaking pace, this debate should be revisited. Contributors to this volume happily took on this challenge and responded with new approaches to the debate from both the explicit and the implicit epistemic point of view.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53521713463569,"sku":"NLS9789400737839","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}]}],"url":"https:\/\/www.worldofbooks.com\/collections\/author-books-by-shahid-rahman.oembed","provider":"World of Books ","version":"1.0","type":"link"}