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Overfitting involves an insufficiently critical attitude towards data, which leads to over-complicated theories designed to fit what are in fact errors in the data. In philosophy, the data typically comprise verdicts on hypothetical or actual cases. Errors in such data can result from our reliance on heuristics, efficient cognitive shortcuts, simple to use but not fully reliable. Just as heuristics embedded in our visual system produce visual illusions, so heuristics embedded in our general cognitive systems produce philosophical paradoxes. Williamson explains the heuristics responsible for paradoxes of vagueness and identity over time, paradoxes of conditionals, paradoxes in ascribing beliefs and other mental states to others, paradoxes of truth and falsity, and paradoxes of weighing reasons and intersectionality. As a case study, Williamson shows how illusions of hyperintensionality can result from a heuristic that projects cognitively significant differences in how explanations are presented onto supposed differences in the non-linguistic world, which then form the starting point for metaphysicians' theorizing. In each case, Williamson provides independent evidence that we commonly use the heuristic, and that it sometimes leads us astray. In short, we are being suckered by our own heuristics, and the result is overfitting. Williamson also discusses how philosophers can best avoid these problems. Williamson's important diagnosis and prescription will be of interest to a wide range of philosophers.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":50999865475345,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":50999868522769,"sku":"NIN9780197779217","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":52634251788561,"sku":"NGR9780197779217","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0197779212.jpg?v=1786107954"},{"product_id":"philosophy-of-philosophy-book-timothy-williamson-9781119616672","title":"The Philosophy of Philosophy","description":"\u003cb\u003eThe Philosophy of Philosophy\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Blackwell \/ Brown Lectures in Philosophy\u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Philosophy of Philosophy\u003c\/i\u003e presents an original, unified concept of philosophy as a non-natural science. In this provocative work, distinguished philosopher Timothy Williamson challenges widely-held assumptions and clarifies long-standing misconceptions about the methodology and nature of philosophical inquiry. The author rejects the standard narratives of contemporary philosophy developed from naturalism, the linguistic turn, postmodern irony, and other prominent trends of the twentieth century. Viewing the method of philosophy as evolving from non-philosophical pursuits, Williamson provides readers with fresh insight into the “self-image” of philosophy and offers new ways of understanding what philosophy is and how it actually works. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNow in its second edition, this landmark volume comprises the original book and the author’s subsequent work. New topics include the recent history of analytic philosophy, assessments of experimental philosophy, theories of concepts and understanding, Wittgensteinian approaches, popular philosophy, naturalism, morally-loaded examples in philosophy, philosophical applications of scientific methods, and many more. This edition features the author’s latest thoughts on a variety of issues, autobiographical reflections, and replies to critics. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Philosophy of Philosophy, Second Edition\u003c\/i\u003e remains essential reading for philosophers, scholars, graduate and advanced undergraduate students in philosophy, and other readers with a sustained interest in the method and rationale of the doing of philosophy.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51105096270097,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51105099645201,"sku":"NIN9781119616672","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":51602554618129,"sku":"CIN1119616670VG","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52533224571153,"sku":"NLS9781119616672","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1119616670.jpg?v=1786119505"},{"product_id":"philosophy-of-philosophy-book-timothy-williamson-9781405133975","title":"The Philosophy of Philosophy","description":"The second volume in the  Blackwell Brown Lectures in Philosophy , this volume offers an original and provocative take on the nature and methodology of philosophy.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51139981541649,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51139985637649,"sku":"NIN9781405133975","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52516445749521,"sku":"NLS9781405133975","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/140513397X.jpg?v=1751337556"},{"product_id":"doing-philosophy-book-timothy-williamson-9787540254438","title":"Doing Philosophy","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51782689980689,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ LIKE_NEW \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":51782690078993,"sku":"GOR014401592","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9787540254438.jpg?v=1751888150"},{"product_id":"modal-logic-as-metaphysics-book-timothy-williamson-9780199552078","title":"Modal Logic as Metaphysics","description":"Are there such things as merely possible people, who would have lived if our ancestors had acted differently? 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