{"title":"Monographs On Endocrinology","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"immunologic-aspects-of-testicular-function-book-re-mancini-9783642809873","title":"Immunologic Aspects of Testicular Function","description":"It has become increasingly evident within the last few decades that immunologic factors are involved in some aspects of the reproductive process and hence in the physiology and pathology of the genital tract. The concept that immune phenomena participate in human reproduction is not new. There are examples throughout the history of man that immune phenomena may have influenced the reproductive process. For example, the Bible states that Sarah was sterile for a long time but conceived in the later years of her marriage. This could be interpreted to mean that continued exposure to her husband's ejaculated antigens re- sulted in antibody response, sufficient to induce sterility. However, after continence of long duration, the antibody level declined and conception became possible. Another of speculation is Darwin's Descent of Man, which contains a number of state- source ments to the effect that profligacy of women may account for their small fertility. The inference is that repeated exposure to antigenic material in the ejaculate causes antibody responses that lead to infertility (KATSH and KATSH, 1965). This is directly related to the modern postulate that prostitutes do not conceive because of antisperm antibodies acquired by frequent contact with semen.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52144701276433,"sku":"NLS9783642809873","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642809873.jpg?v=1785798061"},{"product_id":"gas-phase-chromatography-of-steroids-book-kristen-b-eik-nes-9783642867958","title":"Gas Phase Chromatography of Steroids","description":"Few fields have advanced faster over the past quinquennium than separation and estimation of steroids by the technique of gas phase chromatography. A detailed and complete review of this topic would therefore be beyond the scope of the authors contributing to this monograph. It was, however, felt that a discussion of some of the highlights of this rapid advance might be of help for laboratories estimating steroids in biological samples. One of the difficulties in producing a monograph of this kind is that before it can appear in print it is likely that some of the methods it discusses will have been overtaken by better methods, so swiftly is progress now made. No editorial power has been exercised in trying to make a uni form account of technology in this field, and the idiosyncrasies of each individual author have been left intact. Through this approach we hope that what has been lost in scholarly appearance is regained in general appeal.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52330963042577,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52330963763473,"sku":"NLS9783642867958","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642867958.jpg?v=1786442897"},{"product_id":"tracer-methods-in-hormone-research-book-e-gurpide-9783642808944","title":"Tracer Methods in Hormone Research","description":"The purpose of this monograph is to describe theoretical aspects of the interpretation of data obtained from experiments performed with labeled hormones. Quantitative endocrinologic studies involving the use of tracers include the determination of rates at which hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and are produced outside these glands by conversion of other secreted hor- mones. Tracer experiments are also performed with the purpose of measuring rates of metabolic reactions. These measurements reveal the contribution of secreted hormones to the formation of circulating compounds and urinary metabolites. The estimation of rates of fetal and placental production and exchange of hormones characterizes a class of in vivo quantitative studies performed with isotopically labeled hormones (radioactive or not). In addi- tion, tracers are used to measure permeability and rates of reaction in in vitro systems, and to study the uptake of hormones by tissues, both in vivo and in vitro. The stability of the steroid nucleus carrying the isotopic label and the large number of reversible metabolic reactions in which steroids are involved, both facilitated and motivated the development of a sophisticated theoretical treat- ment of tracer experiments in the field of endocrinology. Although the prac- tical examples used to illustrate the concepts and calculations presented in this monograph involve labeled hormones, the theory is presented in a general symbolic manner and is applicable to other fields of investigation.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52331031789841,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52331032379665,"sku":"NLS9783642808944","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642808944.jpg?v=1786441925"},{"product_id":"neurobiology-of-reproduction-in-the-female-rat-book-john-w-everett-9783642837999","title":"Neurobiology of Reproduction in the Female Rat","description":"It has been my privilege and pleasure during the past half century to participate in the unfolding of present-day concepts of the mammalian female reproductive cycles. When the studies recorded here began in the late 1930s it was already established that cyclic ovarian function is governed by gonadotropic secretions from the anterior pituitary gland, the conductor of the endrocrine orchestra, and that in turn this activity is importantly dependent in some way upon secretion of estro- gens and progesterone by the ovaries. Although a role of the nervous system was recognized for the reflex-like induction of ovulation in rabbits and cats and the in- duction of pseudopregnancy in rats and mice, and although there was even some evidence of neural participation in ovulation in rats, a major central neural role in the female cycle of most species was not apparent. Gonadotropic fractions of pitui- tary extracts having distinct follicle-stimulating and luteinizing activities in test ani- mals had been obtained, and these respective effects had been fairly well charac- terized. Prolactin was well known for its lactogenic activity, but its luteotropic role in rats and mice had yet to be revealed. The molecular structure of the several estro- gens and progesterone was known, and they were readily available as synthetic pro- ducts. The broad concept of ovarian-pituitary reciprocity appeared to be an accept- able explanation of the female cycle, with the ovary in control through the rhythmic rise and fall in secretion of follicular estrogen.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52341015609617,"sku":"NLS9783642837999","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642837999.jpg?v=1758171289"},{"product_id":"hormone-toxicity-in-the-newborn-book-fred-a-kincl-9783642837968","title":"Hormone Toxicity in the Newborn","description":"The account of \"neonatal sterilization\" is the story of the advocates of direct effect of steroids on the gonads and those who believed in the indirect influence, mediated through the hypothalamus and\/or the pituitary gland. As often happens in biology, both convictions represent the same image seen from different perspectives. Prof DC Johnson (Kansas City, KS) reminisced the beginning of the story in a letter to me. I am paraphrasing parts of the letter with his permission. \"As a starting point we could pick the life-long research of Emil Steinach ... \" Steinach recognized the influence of testes on the develop­ ment of accessory sex organs in 1894, described virilization of females and feminization of males in 1913, and identified the controlling influence of the hypophysis on the gonads in 1928. He reviewed his work in a book Sex and Life, Forty Years of Biological and Medical Experience (E Steinach and L Loebe!; Faber and Faber, London, 1940). He got on the wrong road in later years and that is the reason everybody seems to have forgotten him. He presented his hypothesis that estrogen has a direct effect upon the testes, i. e. hormone antagonism, at the 1st International Congress on Sex Research in 1926.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52349809950993,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52349813817617,"sku":"NLS9783642837968","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642837968.jpg?v=1789558462"},{"product_id":"high-performance-liquid-chromatography-in-endocrinology-book-hlj-makin-9783642834691","title":"High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Endocrinology","description":"This book originates from a symposium held at the London Hospital Medical College under the auspices of Applied Chromatography Systems Ltd. to discuss the place of HPLC in the endocrinology field. Many of the authors of the present book were speakers at this symposium. It seemed to us that many endocrinolo- gists did not at that time fully appreciate the value of HPLC, and this book was designed to publicise the potential value of this technique. A survey of methods used in the steroid field Cp 185) confirmed the view that HPLC is not being used as widely, particularly in research described in clinical journals, as might be expected. We hope that this book will illustrate, albeit in a few selected areas of endocrinology, just how versatile and powerful a technique HPLC is, and en- courage those who have not yet experienced it to have a go. The beginner does not need to buy expensive instrumentation - all that is required is a pump, injector, column and detector - the rest can come later  All the authors have practical experience in the use of HPLC in the particular area they discuss. All readers who discover apparent errors or who feel that the treatment of a topic of interest can be improved upon are encouraged to contact the editors. All criti- cism, especially if constructive, is welcomed. We are still learning, and other peoples' experience is always valuable.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52353657274641,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52353657667857,"sku":"NLS9783642834691","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642834691.jpg?v=1786442789"},{"product_id":"cushings-syndrome-book-d-t-krieger-9783642816611","title":"Cushing’s Syndrome","description":"The unraveling of our knowledge of the functions of the adrenal gland constitutes one exciting development of modern medicine and biochemistry. We owe these advances to the felicitous cooperative efforts of the clinical investigator and the biochemist. Three centuries elapsed between the first recorded anatomical descrip- tion of the adrenals and the demonstration by Dr. Addison in the mid-nineteenth century of the fatal results of the destruction of these glands by disease. It became evident from this observation that the adrenals secreted a factor or factors essential to life. It took approximately 90 years to isolate this elusive vital factor - cortisone - from beef adrenal cortices, independently by both Reichstein and his co-workers in Basle and Kendall and his group in the United States and another 10-15 years before it became more generally available for experimental and clinical use. It is perhaps difficult to believe that as recently as 35-40 years ago, before cortisone and cortisol were clinically available, the surgical removal of a benign adrenal cortical tumor in patients with Cushing's syndrome was associated with a prohibitive postoperative mortality rate. Within 12-36 h after operation, most of such patients developed an intractable state of shock, which was not manifested by significant electrolyte abnormalities or hypoglycemia and was unresponsive to the usual treatment for shock plus the generous use of salt-retaining hormone.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52354143224081,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52354143617297,"sku":"NLS9783642816611","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642816611.jpg?v=1789556611"},{"product_id":"sex-chromosomes-and-sex-linked-genes-book-susumu-ohno-9783662347928","title":"Sex Chromosomes and Sex-linked Genes","description":"Natural selection operates among individual organisms which differ in their genetic constitution. 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Larvae that become attached to the proboscis of an adult female become males, while unattached larvae sink to the bottom and become females (BALTZER, 1935). The more sophisticated state of bisexuality was initiated by setting aside a particular pair of chromosomes for specialization and making either the male or the female a heterogametic sex. 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In Escherichia coli, fertilization occurs by passage of the single chromosome from the male into the female bacterium (LEDERBERG, 1959). In multicellular organisms, the separation of germ from soma, and the production of haploid gametes became mandatory. The gametes were of two types. One, extremely mobile, was designed to seek out and penetrate the other, which loaded with nutrients, received the mobile gamete and intiated the development of a new individual. The foundation for true bisexuality was thus laid. In the primitive state of bisexuality, whether an individual is to be a sperm-producing male or an egg-producing female appears to be decided rather haphazardly. In the worm, Banelia viridis, the minute males are parasites in the female. Larvae that become attached to the proboscis of an adult female become males, while unattached larvae sink to the bottom and become females (BALTZER, 1935). The more sophisticated state of bisexuality was initiated by setting aside a particular pair of chromosomes for specialization and making either the male or the female a heterogametic sex. Sex chromosomes as we know them were thus born.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52454612336913,"sku":"NLS9783642881800","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642881800.jpg?v=1786700119"},{"product_id":"glucocorticoid-hormone-action-book-j-d-baxter-9783540089735","title":"Glucocorticoid Hormone Action","description":"We live in an era of explosions. Not the least threatening of these inflationary events is the information explosion. In spite of data banks, automated indexes, and computerized retrieval systems, science is being overflooded by its products. 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Fortunately, some of them still are and perform a real service by taking an unwieldy mass of data dispersed in a variety of journals, and organizing it into a coherent synthesis of the state of knowledge in a given field. Such books actually serve to advance knowledge and become landmarks.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52616699642129,"sku":"NLS9783540089735","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783540089735.jpg?v=1786021767"},{"product_id":"mathematical-modelling-and-computers-in-endocrinology-book-rosalind-mcintosh-9783642814037","title":"Mathematical Modelling and Computers in Endocrinology","description":"The building of conceptual models is an inherent part of our interaction with the world, and the foundation of scientific investigation. Scientists often perform the processes of modelling subconsciously, unaware of the scope and significance of this activity, and the techniques available to assist in the description and testing of their ideas. Mathematics has three important contributions to make in biological modelling: (1) it provides unambiguous languages for expressing relationships at both qualitative and quantitative levels of observation; (2) it allows effective analysis and prediction of model behaviour, and can thereby organize experimental effort productively; (3) it offers rigorous methods of testing hypotheses by comparing models with experimental data; by providing a means of objectively excluding unsuitable concepts, the development of ideas is given a sound experimental basis. Many modern mathematical techniques can be exploited only with the aid of computers. These machines not only provide increased speed and accuracy in determining the consequences of model assumptions, but also greatly extend the range of problems which can be explored. The impact of computers in the biological sciences has been widespread and revolutionary, and will continue to be so.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52622575468817,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622575993105,"sku":"NLS9783642814037","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642814037.jpg?v=1761606508"},{"product_id":"congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-book-mi-new-9783642820137","title":"Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia","description":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) consists of a group of disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis. Each disorder results from an inherited deficiency of one of the several enzymes necessary for normal steroid synthesis. The different enzyme deficiencies produce characteristic patterns of hormonal abnormalities; the clinical symptoms of the different forms of CAH depend on the particular hormones that are deficient or that are produced in excess. The earliest documented description of CAH was by DeCrecchio in 1865 (DeCrecchio 1865). This Neapolitan anatomist described a cadaver having a penis with first degree hypospadias but no externally palpable gonads. Dis- section revealed a vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and markedly enlarged adrenals. It is interesting that the subject suffered a confusion of sex assignment, being declared a female at birth and a male 4 years later. He conducted himself as a male sexually and socially. Since the original descrip- tion of this case, investigators have unravelled the pathophysiology of the inborn errors of steroidogenesis. 1 Steroidogenesis and Enzymatic Conversions of Adrenal Steroid Hormones A. Steroidogenesis The adrenal synthesizes three main classes of hormones: mineralocorticoids (17-deoxy pathway), glucocorticoids (17-hydroxy pathway), and sex steroids.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52622578745617,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622579368209,"sku":"NLS9783642820137","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642820137.jpg?v=1786442443"},{"product_id":"prolactin-book-e-delpozo-9783642817236","title":"Prolactin","description":"Lactogenic hormone activity was first observed in bovine pituitary extracts by Stricker and Griiter in 1928, working in Bouin's laboratory in Strasbourg. Since that time prolactin has been shown to exist in anterior pituitary extracts of almost all vertebrate species investigated. Although its biology was extensively studied in many mammalian species, the existence of prolactin in the human was generally doubted, despite the positive evidence produced by such researchers as Pasteels. This can partly be explained by the fact that human growth hormone isolated in 1961, is itself a potent lactogen, in contrast to nonprimate growth hormones, and is present in the normal human pituitary in much greater amounts than prolactin. As a result there was a lag of nearly 10 years until prolactin was unanimously accepted as a hormone of the human pituitary, separate from human growth hormone. In 1970 new bioassay techniques permitted the demonstration of prolactin bioactivity in the serum of postpartum women and galactorrhea patients, and chromatographic methods led to the isolation and purification of human prolactin allowing the establishment of a specific radioimmunoassay for this hormone. This opened the road to the understanding of prolactin physiology and pathophysiology in the human, which has revolutionized clinical neuroendocrinology and reproductive endocrinology. Particularly hyperprolactinemia has turned out to be one of the most common endocrine syndromes.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622584578321,"sku":"NLS9783642817236","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642817236.jpg?v=1761606531"},{"product_id":"hormones-in-human-amniotic-fluid-book-ae-schindler-9783642816581","title":"Hormones in Human Amniotic Fluid","description":"This monograph represents the first comprehensive review of hormones in human amniotic fluid and includes data published up to and including 1980. Methods of Isolation and Identification of Steroids in Human Amniotic Fluid 6 I. C , C , and C Steroids .","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52622618657041,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622619377937,"sku":"NLS9783642816581","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642816581.jpg?v=1785910738"},{"product_id":"female-sex-steroids-book-jh-clark-9783642813412","title":"Female Sex Steroids","description":"It is the object of this series of monographs to present the experiments and interpre- tations of a given laboratory. We have attempted in this volume to present our view of receptor-steroid interactions and their relation to steroid-induced responses. This view is necessarily biased by our own experimental results. While we have tried to in- clude the views and results of others, this volume is not meant to be comprehensive. Rather it is selective and examines those topics within the general field of steroid hor- mone action which we have addressed at the laboratory bench. The work reviewed in this volume would not exist without the help and support of many associates. Our mentors included Jorge Awapara, Jack Gorski, Henry Komer, Bill Ray, and Mike Zarrow. Associates instrumental in this work include George Barr, John Burgner, Sam Campbell, Constance Cardasis, Hitkan Eriksson, Stan Glasser, Jim Hardin, Mohammed Kalimi, Bruce Lester, Barry Markavarich, Shirley McCormick, Tony Means, Dan Medina, Ann Miller, Bert O'Malley, Helen Padyku- la, Zigmund Paszko, Dale Snow, Susan Upchurch and Marian Walters. Students who have contributed to this effort include John Anderson, Joe DeLibero, Aaron Hsueh, Katrina Kelner, Debbie Metzger, Randy Richards, Jim Schaeffer, Mike Tytell, Lane von Brunt, and Cheryl Watson. Technicians without whose assistance this work could not exist include Toni Cetti, Wendy D'Attilio, Jeanie Haselby, Lily Hsueh, Helen Hyland, Jim Kovar, Kathy O'Connor, and Peggy Sansone.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52622622982417,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622623605009,"sku":"NLS9783642813412","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642813412.jpg?v=1761606637"},{"product_id":"vitamin-d-book-hf-deluca-9783642813085","title":"Vitamin D","description":"Because diseases of the bone are often less acute and less lifethreatening than dis- eases of the circulatory system, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, liver, and the nervous system, they have received a disproportionately smaller amount of attention in the medical world. With the average increasing life span of man as a result of improve- ments in modern medicine, espe ially in the pediatric field, the seriousness of many metabolic bone diseases has indeed become more obvious. In addition, other improvements in medicine, such as hemodialysis for the preservation of renal failure patients, have permitted the development of other consequences of diseased kidneys, one of which is the appearance of renal osteodystrophy. Finally, the appearance of several genetic disorders in the area of metabolic bone disease has been underscored by the solution of other pediatric diseas s of much more serious consequences. These emerging problems all suggest that much remains to be learned concerning the sys- temic control of bone, both as a structural organ and as a reservoir for the important elements of calcium and phosphorus so essential for the support of life in complex multicellular organisms of which man is the most important. As will be demonstrated in the historical portion of this manuscript, the existence of the three most important humoral factors regulating bone metabolism and func- tion are now known.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52627134021905,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52627134611729,"sku":"NLS9783642813085","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642813085.jpg?v=1787136510"},{"product_id":"hirsutism-book-p-mauvais-jarvis-9783642815737","title":"Hirsutism","description":"In the past 10 years hirsutism has been the object of a considerable number of fundamental studies. It provides endocrinologists with an experimental model for the investigation of androgen secretion, metabolism and mechanism of action. Plasma androgen assay, free testosterone measurement, hepatic and extrahepatic androgen metabolic clearance and androgen metabolism in the skin are the different steps which were studied by many groups and represent valuable parameters of the mechanisms of hirsutism. Determination of the origin of androgen oversecretion has become easier by technical progress in differential effiuent venous catheterism, which makes it possible to compare androgens in adrenal or ovarian effiuent veins to their peripheral levels, and to determine the ovarian or adrenal source of the androgen oversecretion as well as the side responsible, essential in the case of tumors. The study of androgen metabolism and the discovery of androgen receptors in the skin confIrm the latter as an actual target cell for androgens. This target cell uses the circulating active androgen, i. e., testosterone and can also metabolize local inactive androgens into active ones. 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This monograph attempts to survey these developments and to highlight many unresolved issues. It also provides an opportunity to demonstrate the value of investigations which relate bio- chemical to structural parameters and to illustrate the importance of animal studies in elucidating biological principles with clinical applications. The reverse is also important since the pathophysiology of human disorders of- ten provides insight into hitherto unsuspected basic mechanisms. In any rapidly expanding field it is difficult to stop revising and extending a manuscript. It is equally difficult to quote every reference in the field but we trust that those of significance have not been omitted. Some of our former students have collaborated with us as co-authors in producing this monograph. 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When the time came for the creation of man, there were precious few materials left to work with. Not surprisingly, man was made weak and naked. Prometheus took pity on this miscreation and gave man the use of fire. For this foresight, Zeus meted out horrible punishment, binding Prometheus to a rocky pillar in the Caucasas Moun- tains and letting a vulture consume his liver daily. It seems to me that the ancient Greeks in their unfathomable wisdom under- stood the essence of the evolutionary process very well. Had Escherichia coli of 200 million years or so ago been endowed with the foresight to anticipate the eventual emergence of and subsequent dominance by mammals of this Earth, they would no doubt have equipped themselves, in anticipation of the coming cer- tainty, with the lac operon to deal with lactose in the suckling mammalian infant's gut. Had they been able to do so, the actual emergance of mammals would have exerted no selective pressure upon existing E. 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