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Benefits from this effort immediately influenced the design and operational concepts of the winged NASA Shuttle Orbiter. However, the full benefits would not be realized until the 1990s when new spacecraft such as the X-33 and X-38 would fully employ the lifting-body concept. A lifting body is basically a wingless vehicle that flies due to the lift generated by the shape of its fuselage. Although both a lifting reentry vehicle and a ballistic capsule had been considered as options during the early stages of NASA's space program, NASA initially opted to go with the capsule. A number of individuals were not content to close the book on the lifting-body concept. Researchers including Alfred Eggers at the NASA Ames Research Center conducted early wind-tunnel experiments, finding that half of a rounded nose-cone shape that was flat on top and rounded on the bottom could generate a lift-to-drag ratio of about 1.5 to 1.Eggers' preliminary design sketch later resembled the basic M2 lifting-body design. At the NASA Langley Research Center, other researchers toyed with their own lifting-body shapes.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49534761992465,"sku":"GOR010287643","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50345916662033,"sku":"CIN0160493900G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0160493900.jpg?v=1750972287"},{"product_id":"4234-when-biospheres-collide-a-history-of-nasa-s-planetary-protection-programs-book-michael-meltzer-9780160853272","title":"4234 When Biospheres Collide: A History of NASA's Planetary Protection Programs","description":"\u003cb\u003eNOTE: NO FURTHER DISCOUNT FOR THIS PRINT PRODUCT- OVERSTOCK SALE -- Significantly reduced list price\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e This new book from the NASA History Series tackles an interesting duo of biological problems that will be familiar to anybody who has seen photos of Apollo astronauts quarantined after their return to Earth.Namely, how do we avoid contaminating celestial bodies with Earthly germs when we send spacecraft to study these bodies, and how do we avoid spreading foreign biological matter from space when our robotic and human spacefarers return to Earth?Biological matter from an external system could potentially cause an unchecked epidemic either on Earth or in space so strict precautions are necessary.\u003cbr\u003e Each time a space vehicle visits another world it runs the risk of forever changing that extraterrestrial environment. We are surrounded on Earth by a melange of different microorganisms, and if some of these hitchhike onboard a space mission, they could contaminate and start colonies on a different planet. Such an occurrence would irrevocably alter the nature of that world, compromise all future scientific exploration of the body, and possibly damage any extant life on it.By inadvertently carrying exotic organisms back to Earth on our spacecraft, we also risk the release of biohazardous materials into our own ecosystem. Such concerns were recognized by scientists even before the 1957 launch of Sputnik.\u003cbr\u003e This book presents the history of planetary protection by tracing the responses to the above concerns on NASA s missions to the Moon, Mars, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, and many smaller bodies of our solar system. The book relates the extensive efforts put forth by NASA to plan operations and prepare space vehicles that return exemplary science without contaminating the biospheres of other worlds or our own. To protect irreplaceable environments, NASA has committed to conducting space exploration in a manner that is protective of the bodies visited, as well as of our own planet.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Other products produced by \u003cb\u003eNASA \u003c\/b\u003ecan be found here: https: \/\/bookstore.gpo.gov\/agency\/550","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50120232042769,"sku":"CIN0160853273VG","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50152219410705,"sku":"CIN0160853273G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0160853273.jpg?v=1750907981"},{"product_id":"modeling-flight-the-role-of-dynamically-scaled-free-flight-models-in-support-of-book-joseph-r-chambers-9780160846335","title":"Modeling Flight: The Role of Dynamically Scaled Free-Flight Models in Support of NASA's Aerospace Programs","description":"Through with running from the past, Joelle Randall has come to the rugged Canadian Rockies determined to face her pain and begin anew. 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She has no idea that Luke is the stuff of legends, one of the last survivors of an ancient race of werewolves, a man whose passion she will not be able to resist--no matter how terrible the price.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50296406769937,"sku":"CIN0160846331G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":53065939812625,"sku":"CIN0160846331VG","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0160846331.jpg?v=1750876399"},{"product_id":"coming-home-reentry-and-recovery-from-space-book-roger-d-launius-9780160910647","title":"Coming Home: Reentry and Recovery from Space","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50320863527185,"sku":"CIN0160910641G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0160910641.jpg?v=1751290982"},{"product_id":"dressing-for-altitude-u-s-aviation-pressure-suits-wiley-post-to-space-shuttle-book-dennis-r-jenkins-9780160901102","title":"Dressing for Altitude: U.S. Aviation Pressure Suits, Wiley Post to Space Shuttle","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50646715334929,"sku":"CIN0160901103G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":51423302811921,"sku":"CIN0160901103VG","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0160901103.jpg?v=1751133224"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.worldofbooks.com\/collections\/nasa-sp-book-series.oembed","provider":"World of Books ","version":"1.0","type":"link"}