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At the same time, many companies carry the burden of large legacy systems, that have become too expensive to maintain and cannot sustain the demands of the marketing department for alterations, leading to business opportunities being lost [BEN95]. However the systems are very valuable and cannot be simply replaced because of the costs that such an operation entails. Simply replacing them may be too expensive because of the huge volumes of on-line data that must be converted, among other reasons.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52334228242705,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52334228930833,"sku":"NLS9783540628644","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783540628644.jpg?v=1789468757"},{"product_id":"cad-data-transfer-for-solid-models-book-eg-schlechtendahl-9783540518266","title":"CAD Data Transfer for Solid Models","description":"Principal authors: U. Kroszynski, B. Palstr9Sm 1.1 The evolution of concepts and specifications for CAD data exchange The CAD\/CAM community has witnessed, during the last decade, the appearance of several specifications as well as proposals for standards which either attempt to cover wider areas or to be more reliable and stable than the others. With the rapid evolution of both hardware and software, the capabilities offered by CAD systems and CAD based application systems are far more advanced than they were only ten years ago, even when they are now based on micro-computers or personal comput­ ers. The situation with standards, however, is not and cannot be so. In order to be reliable and accepted by a wide community of both vendors and users, a standard has to be sta­ ble. This implies a life span of at least a decade. This also implies that the standard has to be general and flexible enough to accommodate present as well as expected future developments. 1.1.1 IGES The initial development of concepts for CAD data exchange is strongly influenced by the US Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) programme, that dealt with the development of methods for data exchange. In September 1979, a subgroup was estab­ lished with participation of the National Bureau of Standards, the General Electric Com­ pany, and the Boeing Company. The result of this effort was the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) that was published as a NBS report [61] in 1980.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52355645833489,"sku":"NLS9783540518266","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783540518266.jpg?v=1791970460"},{"product_id":"cad-i-drafting-model-book-richard-schuster-9783540520511","title":"CAD*I Drafting Model","description":"The content of this book is an information model for technical drawings, the so-called Drafting Model. The Drafting Model is a part of a complex information model describing product definition data, their applications and their representations. The definition of the information model is a central component of the development of STEP, a future international standard for the exchange of product defmition data. Here the Drafting Model particularly encloses descriptions for the representations of organizational drawing data, tolerances, dimensions and surface attributes such as surface fmish symbols (a survey of the whole content is shown in the figure above). Additional to that requirements for the Presentation Model concerning the representation of geometry as well as the integration process for both the Drafting and the Presentation Models are formulated. The extent of the Drafting Model is restricted to the application area Mechanical Engineering. Within the Drafting Model the annotation representations are described on the one hand informally and on the other hand formally using a high level language for information modeling, EXPRES. Principally the representations of the annotation are described according to the international drawing standards. Thus the semantics pertinent to the specific graphical appearance are maintained. 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This project has successfully developed tools and methods for the definition of the functional specifi- cation of the office system, as well as the system architecture and user interface -results which can be of great interest for the IT community at large.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52403986333969,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52403986858257,"sku":"NLS9783540532842","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783540532842.jpg?v=1791938534"},{"product_id":"specification-for-exchange-of-product-analysis-data-book-deborah-thomas-9783540515791","title":"Specification for Exchange of Product Analysis Data","description":"During the past 25 years computers have been introduced in industry to perform technical tasks such as drafting, design, process planning, data acquisition, process control, and quality assurance. 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But the realisation of a future- oriented CIM concept is not possible without powerful, widely accepted, and standardised interfaces. They are the vital issue on the way to CIM. They will contribute to harmonise data structures and information flows and play a major role for open CIM systems. 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The group of John Mylopoulos at the UniveISity of Toronto and their European collaboratoIS moved from semantic models of information systems design (Taxis project) towards earlier stages of the software lifecycle. Joachim Schmidt's group at the University of Hamburg completed their early work on the design and implementation of database programming languages (Pascal\/R) and began to consider tools for the development of large database program packages. The Belgian company BIM developed a fast commercial Prolog which turned out to be useful as an implementation language for object­ oriented knowledge representation schemes and as a prototyping tool for formal design models. Case studies by Vasant Dhar and Matthias Jarke in New York pointed out the need for formally representing process knowledge, and a number of projects in the US and Europe began to consider computer assistance (CASE) as a viable approach to support software engineering. 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This report provides readers with a global perspective on the project, its conceptual roots, the developed technologies, the partners, and the users. The following subsection is a long but necessary acknowledgement to a large number of people, from the several organizations that participated in the project: INESC (P), SMD (P), Software AG (DIE), UPM (E), Lisle (E), Novabase (P), EDP (P), Edinfor (P), CN (P), ISCTE (P), UITESA(E), T ASKON (N). Without these organizations and the people mentioned below, the project would not have been possible. The uninvolved reader is therefore asked to forgive us for this long acknowledgement, and go directly to the fIrst chapter. Acknowledgments This is a personal acknowledgment of the contributions of most of those people, and an anticipated apology to anyone who may have been left out of this large list. 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Bes VI CONTRIBUTORS KARINE BAS CHUNG Formation Doctorale Linguistique et Informatique, Universite Blaise Pascal (Clermont Ferrand I), 34 Avenue Carnot, 63037 Clermont Ferrand Cedex, France. GABRIEL G. BES Formation Doctorale Linguistique et Informatique, Universite Blaise Pascal (Clermont Ferrand I), 34 Avenue Carnot, 63037 Clermont Ferrand Cedex, France. FRIEDRICH DUDA Triumph-Adler, Hundingst. 11 bd, 8500 Nuremberg, Germany. CLAIRE GARDENT Departement of Philosophy, Facultet der Wisjbegeerte, Heidelberglaan, 2 Postbus 80103,3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. THIERY GUILOTIN Centre Scientifique d'IBM France, 3-5 Place Vendome, 75021 Paris Cedex 01, France.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52618177151249,"sku":"NLS9783540556756","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783540556756.jpg?v=1791934559"},{"product_id":"vibration-control-of-flexible-servo-mechanisms-book-jean-luc-faillot-9783540561422","title":"Vibration Control of Flexible Servo Mechanisms","description":"This volume reports the achievements of an ESPRIT project on the problems linked with the control of lightweight robots. 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