{"title":"Routledge Studies In Civil Wars And Intra-State Conflict","description":"\u003cp\u003eDelve into the complex world of civil wars and intra-state conflicts with this insightful Routledge series. Explore the causes, consequences, and potential resolutions of these critical global issues. 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Civil wars represent the principal form of armed conflict since the end of the Second World War, and certainly in the contemporary era. The nature and impact of civil wars suggests that these conflicts reflect and are also a driving force for major societal change. In this sense, Understanding Civil Wars: Continuity and change in intrastate conflict argues that the nature of civil war is not fundamentally changing in nature.  The book includes a thorough consideration of patterns and types of intrastate conflict and debates relating to the causes, impact, and ‘changing nature’ of war. A key focus is on the political and social driving forces of such conflict and its societal meanings, significance and consequences. The author also explores methodological and epistemological challenges related to studying and understanding intrastate war. A range of questions and debates are addressed. What is the current knowledge regarding the causes and nature of armed intrastate conflict? Is it possible to produce general, cross-national theories on civil war which have broad explanatory relevance? Is the concept of ‘civil wars’ empirically meaningful in an era of globalization and transnational war? Has intrastate conflict fundamentally changed in nature? Are there historical patterns in different types of intrastate conflict? What are the most interesting methodological trends and debates in the study of armed intrastate conflict? How are narratives about the causes and nature of civil wars constructed around ideas such as ethnic conflict, separatist conflict and resource conflict?  This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, intrastate conflict, security studies and international relations in general.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":50697129754897,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":50697131720977,"sku":"NGR9780415855174","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52522261643537,"sku":"NLS9780415855174","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0415855179.jpg?v=1751292341"},{"product_id":"armed-groups-and-international-legitimacy-book-william-plowright-9780367649319","title":"Armed Groups and International Legitimacy","description":"This book analyses the issue of child soldiers in order to understand how armed groups engage with international organizations to gain international legitimacy.  The work examines why some armed groups ‘follow the rules’ of international humanitarian law and others do not. It argues that armed groups in conflicts around the world engage with international organizations in order to gain international legitimacy and to show they are following the laws of war. By examining the issue of child soldiers in contemporary armed conflict, the volume establishes a typology of which groups will engage with international actors and follow the laws of war – and which will not. The main aim of the book is to understand the rationality of even the most violent of actors, and to understand when and how armed groups can be encouraged to follow the laws of war. The work draws from extensive primary research conducted among armed groups in Syria and Myanmar, including al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the many small ethnic insurgent groups of Myanmar.   This book will be of much interest to students of war and conflict studies, security studies, international humanitarian law, and International Relations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":50697947119889,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":50697949118737,"sku":"NGR9780367649319","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0367649314.jpg?v=1750941531"},{"product_id":"armed-groups-and-international-legitimacy-book-william-plowright-9780367649395","title":"Armed Groups and International Legitimacy","description":"This book analyses the issue of child soldiers in order to understand how armed groups engage with international organizations to gain international legitimacy.  The work examines why some armed groups ‘follow the rules’ of international humanitarian law and others do not. 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Showcasing the breadth and diversity of modern militias in the context of violence against civilians, the volume addresses the predation and repression that many such groups are infamous for, as well as increasingly important efforts by other militias at civilian protection in war-torn settings. The chapters examine militias from around the world, drawing on both qualitative and quantitative methods as they cover groups as varied as gangs, death squads, grassroots community-defense groups, official state militias, and party-sponsored armies – groups on the \"civic vice\" side, the \"civic virtue\" side, and the wide and mixed in-between space where most cases fall.   Taken as a cohesive unit, the work lays the foundation for an encompassing theory and interrogation of the causal chain between militia type and operating context and the levels of violence against civilians. It provides path-breaking theory-building and empirical scholarship. Policymakers and national security practitioners dealing with issues relating to armed groups will also benefit from the practical issues covered here, such as how different forms of sponsorship and training affect militia behavior.  This book will be of interest to students of civil wars, political violence, counterinsurgency, civil-military relations, and security studies in general.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51017535324433,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51017537487121,"sku":"NIN9781032122823","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52586243916049,"sku":"NLS9781032122823","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/103212282X.jpg?v=1751111310"},{"product_id":"post-conflict-referendums-and-peace-processes-book-kentaro-fujikawa-9781032668833","title":"Post-Conflict Referendums and Peace Processes","description":"This book provides a comparative study of the impact of referendums on conflict resolution and peacebuilding in post-conflict societies.  Post-conflict referendums have increasingly been held as part of peace processes. While policy-makers are hopeful that these referendums serve peace and democracy, the burgeoning literature on them has expressed significant reservations about their use, particularly on territorial issues, because referendums do not have mechanisms for compromise. To gauge the actual impact of these referendums on peace processes, the book systematically compares three post-conflict referendums on self-determination held with their respective central governments’ consent, in Eritrea, East Timor, and Southern Sudan. Relying on more than 70 elite interviews, it examines (1) the rationales behind the decision to hold referendums; (2) the referendums’ impact on resolving the original self-determination conflicts; and (3) their impact on post-conflict peacebuilding inside the newly independent states. The three case studies reveal various rationales behind such referendums, and show that referendums play a limited, albeit positive, role in settling the original conflicts. Furthermore, holding referendums after civil wars has various positive, negative, and often unexpected impacts on domestic and international peacebuilding efforts inside newly independent states. This book provides careful, thorough, and well-balanced accounts of these referendums’ impact on peace processes.  This book will be of much interest to students of peace and conflict studies, African and South-East Asian politics, and International Relations.  Chapter 1 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51018478387473,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51018481041681,"sku":"NIN9781032668833","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52598295298321,"sku":"NLS9781032668833","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1032668830.jpg?v=1750822759"},{"product_id":"rebel-militias-in-eastern-ukraine-book-martin-larys-9781032710907","title":"Rebel Militias in Eastern Ukraine","description":"This book extends principal-agent theory to the case of pro-Russian rebel militias in Eastern Ukraine.  Russia’s war in Ukraine demonstrates the much-discussed relations between the principal (Russia) and agent (rebel militias) in Eastern Ukraine. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 was a frontal challenge to the post-Cold War European regional order, and since 2022 it has offered a challenge to the global order. Filling the gap in the literature on indirect warfare and insurgencies, this book offers systematic insights into structures and relations within the leaderless rebellion in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts. It introduces the concept of the delegation of leaderless rebellion, based on the argument that it is a specific kind of rebellion when local elites do not actively participate as the leaders of the rebellion. Random people, without any fighting or political experience and with no social embeddedness, become rebel commanders, which means the principal – Russia – faces serious challenges but also benefits from opportunities to exercise complete control over the rebel forces and administration.  This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars and insurgencies, political violence, Eastern European politics, and international relations in general.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51137993867537,"sku":"NIN9781032710907","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52590230733073,"sku":"NLS9781032710907","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/103271090X.jpg?v=1751173904"},{"product_id":"international-intervention-and-civil-wars-book-ricardo-real-pedrosa-de-sousa-9781138122789","title":"International Intervention and Civil Wars","description":"This book examines the effects of external interventions on conflict escalation in civil wars, using data from African conflicts since the cold war.     It investigates how the targets and types of external interventions affect the capabilities of the conflict parties, which lead to specific escalatory or de-escalatory effects on conflict intensity. A main contribution of this book is to test a theory of external interventions through mixed methods. It presents and uses a new dataset on external interventions with 42 conflicts that occurred in 30 countries in Africa between 1989 and 2010 and then tests the theory with four case studies and an econometric analysis.     The work fills a gap in the literature by focusing on the effect of interventions on civil war intensity. There are only a few studies looking into the severity of conflict but their studies look at total conflict intensity and not escalatory or de-escalatory processes and do not focus on the specific effect of external interventions. Another contribution of this book is that it extends the operationalization of conflict to very low levels of conflict, to include civil war and low intensity levels starting the conflict period from the first battle death of these conflicts. This extension is relevant to better understand escalation on the onset and recurrence of conflict. The book is also the first to look holistically at external interventions, by considering military, economic and diplomatic interventions alongside UN and non-UN missions. This approach is closer to the realities of conflict where several types of interventions occur concurrently.     This book will be of interest to student of civil wars and intra-state conflict, civil wars, peace studies, security studies and IR.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":51201340801297,"sku":"NGR9781138122789","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1138122785.jpg?v=1751302490"},{"product_id":"partition-and-peace-in-civil-wars-book-carter-r-johnson-9780367673789","title":"Partition and Peace in Civil Wars","description":"This book examines whether partition is an effective means to resolve ethnic and sectarian civil wars. It argues that partition is unlikely to end ongoing ethnosectarian civil wars, but it can increase the likelihood of preventing civil war recurrence, as long as the partition separates civilians and militaries. 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Since the end of World War II, civil wars have been characterized by extremely high numbers of civilian casualties. However, the exact extent of civilian suffering varies across time, conflict, and geographic region. Recently, a new strand of research has emerged, primarily focused on studying the dynamics underlying the variation in civilian abuse by examining the characteristics of the armed groups and how these characteristics influence the armed groups’ behaviour towards the civilian population.     With reference to principal-agent theory and data on the organizational structure of more than 70 armed groups active worldwide from 1989 onwards, the author’s analysis functions both on the level of the armed group and on the level of the individual via personal interviews with combatants.     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Throughout history, foreign intervention in civil wars has been the rule rather than the exception. The involvement of outside powers can have a dramatic impact on the course and nature of internal conflicts. Despite this, there has been little research which has sought to explain how foreign intervention influences the course of civil wars. This book seeks to rectify this gap. It examines the impact of foreign intervention on the warfare that characterises civil wars through by studying the cases of the Angolan and Afghan civil wars. It investigates how foreign resources affect the military power of the recipient belligerent, and examines how changes in the balance of capabilities influence the form of warfare that characterises a civil war. Warfare in civil wars is often highly fluid, with belligerents adapting their respective strategies in response to shifts in the balance of military capabilities. 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This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, intra-state conflict, war and conflict studies, and security studies.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51274492969233,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51274495557905,"sku":"NIN9780367787196","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52402843681041,"sku":"NLS9780367787196","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0367787199.jpg?v=1750697358"},{"product_id":"foreign-intervention-warfare-and-civil-wars-book-adam-lockyer-9781138084575","title":"Foreign Intervention, Warfare and Civil Wars","description":"This book examines the impact of foreign intervention in the course and nature of warfare in civil wars.  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This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, intra-state conflict, war and conflict studies, and security studies.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52402708185361,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52402708742417,"sku":"NLS9781138084575","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781138084575.jpg?v=1758758651"},{"product_id":"understanding-civil-wars-book-edward-newman-9780415855167","title":"Understanding Civil Wars","description":"This book explores a range of debates and topics about intrastate conflict and civil war.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52426349412625,"sku":"NLS9780415855167","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53035004297489,"sku":"NIN9780415855167","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780415855167.jpg?v=1759157488"},{"product_id":"rebel-financing-and-terrorism-in-civil-wars-book-margherita-belgioioso-9781032445014","title":"Rebel Financing and Terrorism in Civil Wars","description":"This book investigates the ways in which the lethality of terrorist violence depends on how rebel organizations finance their rebellion.  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This book will be of interest to students of civil wars, terrorism studies, political violence, and security studies.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52433446240529,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52433446928657,"sku":"NLS9781032445014","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781032445014.jpg?v=1759178004"},{"product_id":"armed-group-structure-and-violence-in-civil-wars-book-roos-haer-9781138829367","title":"Armed Group Structure and Violence in Civil Wars","description":"This book examines whether differences in the organizational structure of armed groups shape patterns of human rights violations in civil wars.  Since the end of World War II, civil wars have been characterized by extremely high numbers of civilian casualties. 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Mass killing and genocide defy reason and explanation. How can genocidal elites present defenceless victims as an existential threat? Why use indiscriminate killing that drives victims to coordinated resistance? Mass killing seems counterproductive, irrational, and therefore inherently ideological. By building on new insights on authoritarian politics, this book argues that mass killing is not ideological, but instead is a rational response to elite rivalry within authoritarian regimes. Mass killing is therefore not driven by rivalries between groups, but by elite rivalry within groups. In Rwanda, for example, the genocide was not driven by conflicts between Hutu and Tutsi, but by conflicts within the Hutu regime. The work demonstrates how mass killing helps elites build coalitions with groups that benefit from violence and how it divides support coalitions of rival elites. Mass killing can therefore help elites win dangerous internal rivalries. By qualitatively and quantitatively exploring elite rivalry and mass killing, this book provides a new explanation for a host of mass killings and genocides. It demonstrates that well-known genocides, such as the Rwandan and Cambodian genocides, which are seemingly ideological are instead better explained by elite rivalry. Mass killing is therefore not driven by the random madness of leaders, nor by the desire to kill an outgroup, but by the internal threats that authoritarian elites face.  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The book presents in-depth case studies of Georgia–Abkhazia and Moldova–Transnistria, in addition to cross-national comparisons of all ethnosectarian civil wars between 1945 and 2004. This analysis demonstrates when partitioning a country can help transform an identity-based civil war into a lasting peace. Highlighting practical and moral challenges of separating ethnosectarian groups, the book contends that complete partitions cannot be easily implemented by the international community, and this limits their applicability. It also demonstrates that ethnosectarian civil wars are driven less by inter-group antagonisms and more by state breakdown, meaning displaced minorities can reintegrate peacefully after partition as long as a minimal level of state-building has been completed. The book ends by examining whether partition would be useful for five contemporary conflicts: Iraq, Ukraine–Donbass, Afghanistan, Sudan–South Sudan, and Serbia–Kosovo.  This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, ethnic conflict, peace and conflict studies, and international relations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52532414710033,"sku":"NLS9780367673802","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780367673802.jpg?v=1760660814"},{"product_id":"militias-states-and-violence-against-civilians-book-paul-lorenzo-johnson-9781032122816","title":"Militias, States and Violence against Civilians","description":"This book examines the conditions under which the presence and use of militias result in an increase or a decrease in violence against civilians in intra-state conflicts.   Showcasing the breadth and diversity of modern militias in the context of violence against civilians, the volume addresses the predation and repression that many such groups are infamous for, as well as increasingly important efforts by other militias at civilian protection in war-torn settings. The chapters examine militias from around the world, drawing on both qualitative and quantitative methods as they cover groups as varied as gangs, death squads, grassroots community-defense groups, official state militias, and party-sponsored armies – groups on the \"civic vice\" side, the \"civic virtue\" side, and the wide and mixed in-between space where most cases fall.   Taken as a cohesive unit, the work lays the foundation for an encompassing theory and interrogation of the causal chain between militia type and operating context and the levels of violence against civilians. It provides path-breaking theory-building and empirical scholarship. Policymakers and national security practitioners dealing with issues relating to armed groups will also benefit from the practical issues covered here, such as how different forms of sponsorship and training affect militia behavior.  This book will be of interest to students of civil wars, political violence, counterinsurgency, civil-military relations, and security studies in general.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52584842526993,"sku":"NLS9781032122816","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781032122816.jpg?v=1761051326"},{"product_id":"armed-organizations-and-political-elites-in-civil-wars-book-erwin-van-veen-9781032585666","title":"Armed Organizations and Political Elites in Civil Wars","description":"This book analyses under what conditions, and with what developmental effects, armed organizations shift their ‘coercive profile’ during civil wars, with a focus on the recent conflicts in Syria and Iraq.  The work begins with an operationalisation of the term ‘political settlement’, focusing on how power is organized in fragile and conflict-affected countries, and then uses this operationalization to analyse the political settlements of contemporary Syria and Iraq, including their breakdown and transformation during recent civil wars (of 2011-today in Syria and 2014-17 in Iraq). It subsequently examines why and how elite factions have used armed organizations in times of conflict. This approach links an understanding of the broad evolution of power relations at the national level with the specific effects of the use of armed organizations on such relations. It argues for a shift from assigning fixed labels to armed organizations during civil wars to studying their coercive profile in a dynamic fashion, i.e. how armed organizations behave in terms of their use of threats and coercive force. 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This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, conflict studies, Middle Eastern Studies and International Relations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52588590825745,"sku":"NLS9781032585666","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781032585666.jpg?v=1761058388"},{"product_id":"rebel-financing-and-terrorism-in-civil-wars-book-margherita-belgioioso-9781032454641","title":"Rebel Financing and Terrorism in Civil Wars","description":"This book investigates the ways in which the lethality of terrorist violence depends on how rebel organizations finance their rebellion.  The leaders of rebel groups make calculated decisions on the intensity of terrorism killings, considering the benefits and costs of targeting non-combatants against the financing needs of their organization. The study specifically focuses on analyzing the effects of different external financing options available to rebel groups and takes into account the role of local populations in making financing available. This comparative approach to external financing reveals new hypotheses that are empirically verified and differ from the expectations and findings of prior research. The book's findings are relevant to policy discussions on counter-insurgency strategies that prioritize protecting populations from human rights abuses. Existing doctrines tend to overlook the potential impact of targeted efforts to isolate insurgents from specific financing sources on the capacity to secure local populations.  This book will be of interest to students of civil wars, terrorism studies, political violence, and security studies.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52596411072785,"sku":"NLS9781032454641","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53377015611665,"sku":"NIN9781032454641","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781032454641.jpg?v=1761140943"},{"product_id":"territorial-separatism-in-global-politics-book-damien-kingsbury-9781138797833","title":"Territorial Separatism in Global Politics","description":"This volume examines the various aspects of territorial separatism, focusing on how and why separatist movements arise.   Featuring essays by leading scholars from different disciplinary perspectives, the book aims to situate the question of separatism within the broader socio-political context of the international system, arguing that a set of historical events as well as local, regional, and global dynamics have converged to provide the catalysts that often trigger separatist conflicts. In addition, the book marks progress towards a new conceptual framework for the study of territorial separatism, by linking the survival of communities in international politics with the effective control of territory and the consequent creation of new polities. Separatist conflicts challenge conventional wisdom concerning conflict resolution within the context of international relations by unpacking a number of questions with regard to conflict transformation. Through the use of case studies, including Cyprus, the Rakhine state in Myanmar, the Shia separatism in Iraq, the Uighurs in China and the case of East Timor, the volume addresses key issues including the role of democracy, international law, intervention, post-conflict peacebuilding and the creation of new political entities.  The book will be of much interest to students of Intra-StateConflict, Conflict Resolution, International Law, Security Studies and International Relations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52614079447313,"sku":"NLS9781138797833","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781138797833.jpg?v=1761520227"},{"product_id":"when-nonviolent-civil-resistance-campaigns-fail-book-kirssa-cline-ryckman-9781032827681","title":"When Nonviolent Civil Resistance Campaigns Fail","description":"This book examines both how and why nonviolent civil resistance campaigns fail, and the diverse category of campaigns that fall short.  Civil resistance campaigns are known for their success, for their ability to overthrow central governments or gain territorial independence. There have been a growing number of civil resistance campaigns in recent decades; however, their rate of success has decreased. More unarmed campaigns are now ending without achieving their ultimate political goals. This study moves beyond the success or failure dichotomy to unpack how nonviolent campaigns end, while also paying attention to the processes that encourage conflict demobilization or transformation. Drawing from the fields of political science, sociology, and nonviolence studies, the book develops a continuum of campaign outcomes that includes full and partial success as forms of positive demobilization as well as disbanding and defeat as forms of negative demobilization. It provides an overarching framework that links sources of internal campaign strength to termination types, and then considers each outcome in depth to explore the reasons why and how campaigns demobilize. The work is global in scope, including descriptive statistics, quantitative analyses, and case illustrations spanning a variety of regions and time periods, from East Germany in 1953 to Suriname in 1984 and Togo in 2013.  This book will be of much interest to students of civil resistance movements and nonviolence, conflict studies, intrastate conflicts, and International Relations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52620234326289,"sku":"NLS9781032827681","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":52969995731217,"sku":"NGR9781032827681","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53499319222545,"sku":"NIN9781032827681","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781032827681.jpg?v=1761538117"},{"product_id":"explaining-foreign-support-escalation-in-civil-war-book-giuseppe-spatafora-9781041340423","title":"Explaining Foreign Support Escalation in Civil War","description":"This book investigates why some foreign powers that initially assist warring parties in civil wars later escalate to direct military involvement.  The volume connects proxy war and direct intervention through a new theoretical framework, Support Escalation Theory, arguing that intervention (“direct support”) is risky and costlier than the transfer of resources (“indirect support”), and so is not chosen lightly. Using case studies, including Fascist Italy’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s and Russia’s intervention in the Donbas in 2014, the book highlights why foreign sponsors prefer to escalate from indirect to direct support: they do so when the time window to affect the conflict and avoid a negative outcome is running out, and the warring party would not be able to use further indirect support that would no longer be helpful. Therefore, foreign sponsors feel the incentive to step in with their own forces. Additional examples test how widely the pattern holds in the 20th and 21st centuries, shedding light on one of the most important—and dangerous—features of modern conflict.  This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, conflict studies, security studies and International Relations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":53472248004881,"sku":"NGR9781041340423","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781041340423.jpg?v=1782846183"},{"product_id":"when-nonviolent-civil-resistance-campaigns-fail-book-kirssa-cline-ryckman-9781032830032","title":"When Nonviolent Civil Resistance Campaigns Fail","description":"This book examines both how and why nonviolent civil resistance campaigns fail, and the diverse category of campaigns that fall short.  Civil resistance campaigns are known for their success, for their ability to overthrow central governments or gain territorial independence. There have been a growing number of civil resistance campaigns in recent decades; however, their rate of success has decreased. 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This book will be of much interest to students of civil resistance movements and nonviolence, conflict studies, intrastate conflicts, and International Relations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53492681474321,"sku":"NIN9781032830032","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53595567227153,"sku":"NLS9781032830032","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781032830032.jpg?v=1777786448"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.worldofbooks.com\/collections\/routledge-studies-in-civil-wars-and-intra-state-conflict-book-series.oembed","provider":"World of Books ","version":"1.0","type":"link"}