{"title":"Sociology Of The Sciences Yearbook","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"biology-as-society-society-as-biology-metaphors-book-sabine-maasen-9780792331742","title":"Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors","description":"not lie in the conceptual distinctions but in the perceived functions of metaphors and whether in the concrete case they are judged positive or negative. The ongoing debates reflect these concerns quite clearly~ namely that metaphors are judged on the basis of supposed dangers they pose and opportunities they offer. These are the criteria of evaluation that are obviously dependent on the context in which the transfer of meaning occurs. Our fundamental concern is indeed the transfer itself~ its prospects and its limits. Looking at possible functions of metaphors is one approach to under­ standing and elucidating sentiments about them. The papers in this volume illustrate, by quite different examples, three basic functions of metaphors: illustrative, heuristic~ and constitutive. These functions rep­ resent different degrees of transfer of meaning. Metaphors are illustrative when they are used primarily as a literary device, to increase the power of conviction of an argument, for example. Although the difference between the illustrative and the heuristic function of metaphors is not great, it does exist: metaphors are used for heuristic purposes whenever \"differences\" of meaning are employed to open new perspectives and to gain new insights. In the case of \"constitutive\" metaphors they function to actually replace previous meanings by new ones. 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Contrary to the standard accounts of  various social science disciplines, the essays in this volume  demonstrate that modern social science actually emerged during the  critical period between 1750 and 1850. It is shown that the social  sciences were a crucial element in the conceptual and epistemic  revolution, which parallelled and partly underpinned the political and  economic transformations of the modern world.    From a consistently comparative perspective, a group of  internationally leading scholars takes up fundamental issues such as  the role of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution in the shaping  of the social sciences, the changing relationships between political  theory and moral discourse, the profound transformation of philosophy,  and the constitution of political economy and statistics.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52089194119441,"sku":"NLS9781402002540","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781402002540.jpg?v=1756906173"},{"product_id":"expository-science-forms-and-functions-of-popularisation-book-t-shinn-9789027718327","title":"Expository Science: Forms and Functions of Popularisation","description":"The prevailing view of scientific popularization, both within academic circles and beyond, affirms that its objectives and procedures are unrelated to tasks of cognitive development and that its pertinence is by and large restricted to the lay public. 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Contrary to the standard accounts of  various social science disciplines, the essays in this volume  demonstrate that modern social science actually emerged during the  critical period between 1750 and 1850. It is shown that the social  sciences were a crucial element in the conceptual and epistemic  revolution, which parallelled and partly underpinned the political and  economic transformations of the modern world.    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Less may be left implicit, and additional personal and contextual information is carried, by the informal methods of communication which mediate local projects and international publication. But both methods of communication are screens as well as conduits of information. History and Background of the Volume When the planning of this volume began in the spring of 1977, it seemed a natural part of the mandate for the Yearbook. There had also been a number of more specific calls for deeper studies of research in social and historical context (3). These calls can be seen as giving permission and legitimacy to ask questions otherwise seen as irrelevant, or even disrespectful, and as attempts to develop new perspectives from which to ask and to answer them. The implied and expressed irreverence toward traditions and institutions of great respect may have prolonged this process of initial apologetics. In any case, in May 1977 the theme of 'The Social Process of Scientific Investigation' was proposed to the Editorial Board for Volume IV as the heart of the subject.  That is, the ethnographic and detailed historical study of actual scientific activity and thinking at or close to the work site.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52127208636689,"sku":"NLS9789027711748","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027711748.jpg?v=1757484511"},{"product_id":"scientific-establishments-and-hierarchies-book-n-elias-9789027713223","title":"Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies","description":"In recent years sociologists of sciences have become more interested in scien- tific elites, in the way they direct and control the development of sciences and, beyond that, in which the organization of research facilities and resources generally affects research strategies and goals. 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Richard Fcynman This volume was originally conceived as a contribution to yet another 'tum', not cap- tured by one of the many adjectives that have served to describe the collective meander- ing of the scholarly community in search of direction, It was meant to mark the millen- nial turn, a seemingly purely chronological event, but one in search for great meanings and invested with loaded significances. The editors wanted to seize the opportunity of the moment in order to pause and reflect on the sociology and history of social studies of science and technology. The moment came and went and the new millennium, barely nine months later, thrust its historical marker upon the world through a horrendous and cruel shock in an unforeseen and unforeseeable way. Since then, the world appears more vulnerable and volatile, fragmented and fraught with uncertainty. The universal values as bequeathed by the Enlightenment are either refused or appear refuted. 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For its practitioner, the history of a discipline displayed above all the always difficult but fmally rewarding approach to a truth which was incorporated in the discipline in its actual fonn. Looking back, it was only too easy to distinguish those who erred and heretics in the field from the few forerunners of true science. On the one hand, the traditional history of science was told as a story of hero and hero worship, on the other hand it was, paradoxically enough, the constant attempt to remind the scientist whom he should better forget. It is not surprising at all therefore that the traditional history of science was a field of only minor interest for the practitioner of a distinct scientific diSCipline or specialty and at the same time a hardly challenging task for the professional historian. 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One here asks if simulation deeply transforms science, or instead constitutes a limited tool that principally extends the repertory of erstwhile practice. Does simulation comprise a novel form of experiment, or rather operate as a mechanism which extends standing forms of experimentation? What are simulation’s relations with models or theory, for example? 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For its practitioner, the history of a discipline displayed above all the always difficult but fmally rewarding approach to a truth which was incorporated in the discipline in its actual fonn. Looking back, it was only too easy to distinguish those who erred and heretics in the field from the few forerunners of true science. On the one hand, the traditional history of science was told as a story of hero and hero worship, on the other hand it was, paradoxically enough, the constant attempt to remind the scientist whom he should better forget. It is not surprising at all therefore that the traditional history of science was a field of only minor interest for the practitioner of a distinct scientific diSCipline or specialty and at the same time a hardly challenging task for the professional historian. 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Less may be left implicit, and additional personal and contextual information is carried, by the informal methods of communication which mediate local projects and international publication. But both methods of communication are screens as well as conduits of information. History and Background of the Volume When the planning of this volume began in the spring of 1977, it seemed a natural part of the mandate for the Yearbook. There had also been a number of more specific calls for deeper studies of research in social and historical context (3). These calls can be seen as giving permission and legitimacy to ask questions otherwise seen as irrelevant, or even disrespectful, and as attempts to develop new perspectives from which to ask and to answer them. The implied and expressed irreverence toward traditions and institutions of great respect may have prolonged this process of initial apologetics. 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The conference in Darmstadt saw a larger number of contribu- tions presented than could be accommodated in this edition of the Sociol- ogy of the Sciences Yearbook. However, all contributions were important and affected those published in this collection. We are therefore grateful to all participants of the Darmstadt conference for their presentations and for their intense, useful as well as thoughtful discussion of all papers. Those chosen for publication in the Yearbook and those undoubtedly to be published elsewhere have all benefitted considerably from our discussions in Darmstadt which also included a number of the members of the edito- rial board of the Yearbook. In addition, we are pleased that the authors were able to read and comment further on each other's papers prior to publication. As is the case in every endeavor of this kind, we have incurred many debts and are only able to acknowledge these at this point publicly while expressing our sincere thanks and appreciation for all the intellectual sup- port and the considerable labor invested by a number of persons in the realization of the collection.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52145186472209,"sku":"NLS9789027723062","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027723062.jpg?v=1757592440"},{"product_id":"changing-governance-of-the-sciences-book-richard-whitley-9781402067457","title":"The Changing Governance of the Sciences","description":"This book arose from a conversation between Lars Engwall and Richard Whitley during the 2003 European Group for Organization Studies Colloquium in Copenhagen about important topics for future research. We agreed then, and this has been amply confirmed by subsequent events, that the proliferation of research eval- tion schemes, especially in Europe, was an important feature of the changing re- tionships between the state, universities and scientific research more generally, which needed systematic and comparative analysis. With the support of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, this discussion led to workshops in Uppsala and Manchester involving colleagues from Australia, Germany and the Netherlands at which the main framework for such an analysis was developed. This framework then formed the basis for the conference at Bielefeld in 2005 at which earlier versions of most of the papers in this volume were presented and extensively discussed. 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As is the case in every endeavor of this kind, we have incurred many debts and are only able to acknowledge these at this point publicly while expressing our sincere thanks and appreciation for all the intellectual sup- port and the considerable labor invested by a number of persons in the realization of the collection.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52172966953233,"sku":"NLS9789027723055","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027723055.jpg?v=1757684316"},{"product_id":"nineteen-eighty-four-science-between-utopia-and-dystopia-book-e-mendelsohn-9789027717214","title":"Nineteen Eighty-Four: Science Between Utopia and Dystopia","description":"Just fifty years ago Julian Huxley, the biologist grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley, published a book which easily could be seen to represent the prevail- ing outlook among young scientists of the day: If I were a Dictator (1934). 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New institutional arrangements, new fields of study and research, new patterns of funding and support, new relations with industry, the academy and the state, and new professional roles have marked the sciences and technology; the military transformations have been equally important: new weapons systems of great complexity, new strategies and practices, new reliance on high technologies and advanced sciences, and extensive involvement in the funding of science and technology in the 'civilian' sector. While the literature in the social studies of science and technology has from time to time addressed these issues (especially from the historical perspective), the attention paid to the very extensive interactions and concommitant transformations has not been commensurate with the magnitude of the enterprise or changes undergone. 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Although by this point it was hardly revolutionary to suggest that technology was no longer automatically equated with optimism and in turn with unceasing social advance, the idea of linking technology so explicitly with pessimism was bound to attract attention. Among others, John Noble Wilford, a New York Times science and technology correspondent, not only covered the symposium but also wrote about it at length in the Times the following week. As Wilford observed, Whatever their disagreements, the participants agreed that a mood of pessimism is overtaking and may have already displaced the old optimistic view of history as a steady and cumulative expansion of human power, the idea of inevitable progress born in the Scientific and Industrial Rev- olutions and dominant in the 19th century and for at least the first half of this century.  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As Editors, we thank the anonymous readers who commented upon and critiqued many of the papers and in tum made each paper a more valuable contribution. We also thank the authors for their understanding and patience. Michael Fortnn Everett Mendelsohn Cambridge, MA September 1998 vii INTRODUCTION In 1986, the annual symposium at the venerable Cold Spring Harbor laboratories was devoted to the Molecular Biology of Homo sapiens.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52424955691281,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52424956543249,"sku":"NLS9780792353331","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792353331.jpg?v=1759153424"},{"product_id":"changing-governance-of-the-sciences-book-richard-whitley-9789048177110","title":"The Changing Governance of the Sciences","description":"This book arose from a conversation between Lars Engwall and Richard Whitley during the 2003 European Group for Organization Studies Colloquium in Copenhagen about important topics for future research. 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We are very grateful for the support of the PRIME network of the European Commission and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science for this c- ference, as well as the invaluable efforts of Peter Weingart of the University of Bielefeld. 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As Editors, we thank the anonymous readers who commented upon and critiqued many of the papers and in tum made each paper a more valuable contribution. We also thank the authors for their understanding and patience. Michael Fortnn Everett Mendelsohn Cambridge, MA September 1998 vii INTRODUCTION In 1986, the annual symposium at the venerable Cold Spring Harbor laboratories was devoted to the Molecular Biology of Homo sapiens.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52426871275793,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52426871963921,"sku":"NLS9789401059855","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401059855.jpg?v=1759159233"},{"product_id":"science-and-technology-in-a-developing-world-book-t-shinn-9780792344193","title":"Science and Technology in a Developing World","description":"block possible Soviet expansion by mobilizing European \"democracies\", the policy soon extended to some developing countries in Asia and Latin America. In response, the USSR gradually initiated development programs for newly independent nations in Asia and Africa. In this context, super power rivalry operated in the South to (i) expand spheres of influence and control; (ii) guard Southern nations from the influence and incursions launched by the opposed camp; (iii) stimulate indigenous development. With few exceptions, Southern nations provided little input to the definition and execution of North-South dynamics during this period. In the case of Africa and to some extent Asia, the acquisition of independence was so recent and often sudden that there was little time to reflect on the kind of policies and measures needed to build bal­ anced relations with the former mother country. In Latin America, the Monroe Doctrine had long insured that the region was a virtual captive of the US. Aid for development was contingent on conformity to US political and economic interests. The cognitive component of South-North dealings strongly reflected the two above mentioned dispositions. The relative lack of political experience in the South. and the dearth of an organized and sizable intellectual\/academic community, meant that there were few cognitive and human resources for undertaking careful study and analysis of the conditions and needs of develop­ ment from a Southern perspective (influential exceptions existed though, such as Raul Prebisch in Latin America or Ghandi in India).","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52427462246673,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52427462967569,"sku":"NLS9780792344193","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792344193.jpg?v=1759161072"},{"product_id":"science-technology-and-the-military-book-everett-mendelsohn-9789048184545","title":"Science, Technology and the Military","description":"The extensive interaction between science\/technology and the military has become increasingly apparent in the years since the Second World War. New institutional arrangements, new fields of study and research, new patterns of funding and support, new relations with industry, the academy and the state, and new professional roles have marked the sciences and technology; the military transformations have been equally important: new weapons systems of great complexity, new strategies and practices, new reliance on high technologies and advanced sciences, and extensive involvement in the funding of science and technology in the 'civilian' sector. While the literature in the social studies of science and technology has from time to time addressed these issues (especially from the historical perspective), the attention paid to the very extensive interactions and concommitant transformations has not been commensurate with the magnitude of the enterprise or changes undergone. These volumescontribute both reports of new research and stimulating additional study.Volume 12\/1 contains Part I: War and the restructuring of physics, and Part II: The military and technological development.Volume 12\/2 contains Part III: Transformation of industry and medicine, Part IV: Nuclear weapons and nuclear power, and Part V: R\u0026amp;D: military, industry and the academy.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52429474267409,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52429474922769,"sku":"NLS9789048184545","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789048184545.jpg?v=1759166980"},{"product_id":"dynamics-of-science-and-technology-book-w-krohn-9789027708816","title":"The Dynamics of Science and Technology","description":"The interrelations of science and technology as an object of study seem to have drawn the attention of a number of disciplines: the history of both science and technology, sociology, economics and economic history, and even the philosophy of science. 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These volumes contribute both reports of new research and stimulating additional study.Volume 12\/1 contains Part I: War and the restructuring of physics, and Part I: The military and technological development.Volume 12\/2 contains Part I: Transformation of industry and medicine, Part IV: Nuclear weapons and nuclear power, and Part V: R\u0026amp;D: military, industry and the academy.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52432804938001,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52432805560593,"sku":"NLS9789048184552","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789048184552.jpg?v=1759176040"},{"product_id":"selforganization-book-w-krohn-9789048140732","title":"Selforganization","description":"may be complex without being able to be replaced by something  still more simple . This became evident with the help of computer models of deterministic-recursive systems in which simple mathematical equation systems provide an extremely complex behavior. (2) Irregularity of nature is not treated as an anomaly but becomes the focus of research and thus is declared to be normal. One looks for regularity within irregularity. Non-equilibrium processes are recognized as the source of order and the search for equilibrium is replaced by the search for the dynamics of processes. (3) The classical system-environment model, according to which the adaptation of a system to its environment is controlled externally and according to which the adaptation of the system occurs in the course of a learning process, is replaced by a model of systemic closure. This closure is operational in so far as the effects produced by the system are the causes for the maintenance of systemic organization. If there is sufficient complexity, the systems perform internal self-observation and exert self-control ( Cognition  as understood by Maturana as self-perception and self-limitation, e. g., that of a cell vis-a. -vis its environment). 22 But any information a system provides on its environment is a system-internal construct. The  reference to the other  is merely a special case of  self-reference . 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In this context, super power rivalry operated in the South to (i) expand spheres of influence and control; (ii) guard Southern nations from the influence and incursions launched by the opposed camp; (iii) stimulate indigenous development. With few exceptions, Southern nations provided little input to the definition and execution of North-South dynamics during this period. In the case of Africa and to some extent Asia, the acquisition of independence was so recent and often sudden that there was little time to reflect on the kind of policies and measures needed to build bal­ anced relations with the former mother country. In Latin America, the Monroe Doctrine had long insured that the region was a virtual captive of the US. Aid for development was contingent on conformity to US political and economic interests. The cognitive component of South-North dealings strongly reflected the two above mentioned dispositions. 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