{"title":"The Western Ontario Series In Philosophy Of Science","description":"\u003cp\u003eDelve into the profound depths of scientific thought with The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science. Explore key debates and innovative perspectives from leading thinkers in the field. A stimulating collection for curious minds.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"knowledge-cause-and-abstract-objects-book-c-cheyne-9781402000515","title":"Knowledge, Cause, and Abstract Objects","description":"According to platonists, entities such as numbers, sets,  propositions and properties are abstract objects. But abstract objects  lack causal powers and a location in space and time, so how could we  ever come to know of the existence of such impotent and remote  objects? In Knowledge, Cause, and Abstract Objects, Colin Cheyne  presents the first systematic and detailed account of this  epistemological objection to the platonist doctrine that abstract  objects exist and can be known. Since mathematics has such a central  role in the acquisition of scientific knowledge, he concentrates on  mathematical platonism. He also concentrates on our knowledge of what  exists, and argues for a causal constraint on such existential  knowledge. Finally, he exposes the weaknesses of recent attempts by  platonists to account for our supposed platonic knowledge.   This book will be of particular interest to researchers and advanced  students of epistemology and of the philosophy of mathematics and  science. 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Gioseffo Zarlino, Vincenzo Galilei), natural philosophers (e. g. Fran­ cis Bacon, Isaac Beeckman, Marin Mersenne), astronomers and mathema­ ticians (e. g. Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei ). Together with other people of the time, whom the Reader will meet in the course of the book, these intellectuals share an idea of music that is far removed from the way it is commonly conceived nowadays: it is the idea of music as a science whose object-musical sound--can be quantified and demonstrated, or enquired into experimentally with the methods and instruments of modem scientific enquiry. In this conception, music to be heard is a complex, variable structure based on few simple elements--e. g. musical intervals-, com­ bined according to rules and criteria which vary along with the different ages. However, the varieties of music created by men would not exist if they were not based on certain musical models--e. g. the consonances-, which exist in the mind of God or are hidden in the womb of Nature, which man discovers and demonstrates, and finally translates into the lan­ guage of sounds.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":49738913841425,"sku":"NGR9789048153589","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52662700081425,"sku":"NLS9789048153589","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9048153581.jpg?v=1754096138"},{"product_id":"causation-chance-and-credence-book-b-skyrms-9789027726339","title":"Causation, Chance and Credence","description":"The papers collected here are, with three exceptions, those presented at a conference on probability and causation held at the University of California at Irvine on July 15-19, 1985. The exceptions are that David Freedman and Abner Shimony were not able to contribute the papers that they presented to this volume, and that Clark Glymour who was not able to attend the conference did contribute a paper. We would like to thank the National Science Foundation and the School of Humanities of the University of California at Irvine for generous support. WILIAM HARPER University of Western Ontario BRIAN SKYRMS University of California at Irvine VI INTRODUCTION TO CAUSATION, CHANCE, AND CREDENCE The search for causes is so central to science that it has sometimes been taken as the defining attribute of the scientific enterprise. Yet even after twenty-five centuries of philosophical analysis the meaning of cause is still a matter of controversy, among scientists as well as philosophers. 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Although dealing with different figures and different periods, they have a common theme: all are concerned with examining how the method of hy­ pothesis came to be the ruling orthodoxy in the philosophy of science and the quasi-official methodology of the scientific community. It might have been otherwise. Barely three centuries ago, hypothetico­ deduction was in both disfavor and disarray. Numerous rival methods for scientific inquiry - including eliminative and enumerative induction, analogy and derivation from first principles - were widely touted. The method of hypothesis, known since antiquity, found few proponents between 1700 and 1850. During the last century, of course, that ordering has been inverted and - despite an almost universal acknowledgement of its weaknesses - the method of hypothesis (usually under such descriptions as 'hypothetico­ deduction' or 'conjectures and refutations') has become the orthodoxy of the 20th century. 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That stern face is present in the composition of the Newton essays chosen here for republication. It is my hope that potential readers will be patient with the old Adam of analysis, and seize the portrait of Newton's intellec- tual world presented in these essays. It is gratifying for me to acknowledge the encouragement of Robert Butts and John Nicholas of the University of Western Ontario, intellectual comrades in arms. It was at Western that I began my intellectual journey, and many of the present members of the Philosophy Department remain my friends and mentors. I thank also Marta Spranzi- Zuber who long ago believed in the merit of my Newton scholarship. But most important to me is the sustaining encouragement of Professor Barbara Tuchanska, who shares my vision of the historicity of scientific thought. It is a pleasure to express my gratitude for membership, over twenty years, in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. 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The display is in alphabetical order - with one exception: Bas van Fraassen, being about the earliest student of Karel Lambert, opens the collection with some reminiscences. Naturally, one of the focal points of this volume is Lambert's logical thinking and (or: freed of) ontological thinking. Free logic is intimately connected with description theory. Bas van Fraassen gives a survey of the development of the area, and Charles Daniels points to difficulties with definite descriptions in modal contexts and stories. Peter Woodruff addresses the relation between free logic and supervaluation semantics, presenting a novel condition which recovers desirable metatheoretic properties for free logic under that semantics. 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Detailed acknowl- edgement of prior publications is made in the notes to the relevant articles. I am grateful to the editors of these several publications for their kind permission to use this material. I am grateful to an anonymous reader for the Western Ontario Series for some useful corrigenda. And I should like to thank John Horty and Lily Knezevich for their help in seeing this material through the press. NICHOLAS RESCHER Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania May, 1980 xi INTRODUCTION The unifying theme of these essays is their concern with Leibniz's metaphysics of nature. 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The Congress was held under the auspices of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, and was sponsored by the National Research Council of Canada and the University of Western Ontario. As those associated closely with the work of the Division over the years know well, the work undertaken by its members varies greatly and spans a number of fields not always obviously related. In addition, the volume of work done by first rate scholars and scientists in the various fields of the Division has risen enormously. For these and related reasons it seemed to the editors chosen by the Divisional officers that the usual format of publishing the proceedings of the Congress be abandoned in favour of a somewhat more flexible, and hopefully acceptable, method of pre- sentation. Accordingly, the work of the invited participants to the Congress has been divided into four volumes appearing in the University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science. 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During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Bayesian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52124555116817,"sku":"NLS9789027706201","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027706201.jpg?v=1757457132"},{"product_id":"physicalism-in-mathematics-book-ad-irvine-9789401073486","title":"Physicalism in Mathematics","description":"This collection of papers has its origin in a conference held at the Uni- versity of Toronto in June of 1988. 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Generous financial support for the original conference was provided by the Social Sciences \u0026amp; Humanities Research Council of Canada, the British Council, and the Department of Philosophy together with the Office of Internal Relations at the University of Toronto. Additional support for the production of this volume was gratefully received from the Social Sciences \u0026amp; Humanities Research Council of Canada.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52125284466961,"sku":"NLS9789401073486","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401073486.jpg?v=1757463966"},{"product_id":"euclid-s-heritage-is-space-three-dimensional-book-p-janich-9780792320258","title":"Euclid's Heritage. Is Space Three-Dimensional?","description":"We live in a space, we get about in it. We also quantify it, we think of it as having dimensions. 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As you will learn, the historical theories are rife with terminology, with language, already tainted by the as- sumed, but by no means obvious, clarity of terms like 'dimension', 'line', 'point' and others. Prior to that language there are actions, ways of getting around in the world, building things, being interested in things, in the more specific case of dimensionality, cutting things. 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This simple method enabled them to determine that the half-life of the emanations of actinium and emanium were the same. Although Giesel's measurements had been more precise than Debierne's, the name of actinium was retained since Debierne had made the discovery first. Hahn now returned to his sample of barium chloride. He soon conjectured that the radium-enriched preparations must harbor another radioactive sub- stance. The liquids resulting from fractional crystallization, which were sup- posed to contain radium only, produced two kinds of emanation. One was the long-lived emanation of radium, the other had a short life similar to the emanation produced by thorium. Hahn tried to separate this substance by adding some iron to the solutions that should have been free of radium, but to no avail. Later the reason for his failure became apparent. The element that emitted the thorium emanation was constantly replenished by the ele- ment believed to be radium. Hahn succeeded in enriching a preparation until it was more than 100,000 times as intensive in its radiation as the same quantity of thorium.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52126353522961,"sku":"NLS9789027715845","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027715845.jpg?v=1757475752"},{"product_id":"contemporary-research-in-philosophical-logic-and-linguistic-semantics-book-dj-hockney-9789027705112","title":"Contemporary Research in Philosophical Logic and Linguistic Semantics","description":"In 1973 a workshop was held at The University of Western Ontario on topics of common interest to philosophers and linguists. The editors thank the officers of The University of Western Ontario for making the workshop possible and Pauline Campbell for making the workshop work.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52126424596753,"sku":"NLS9789027705112","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027705112.jpg?v=1757476114"},{"product_id":"foundations-and-applications-of-decision-theory-book-ca-hooker-9789027708441","title":"Foundations and Applications of Decision Theory","description":"1. INTRODUCTION In the Spring of 1975 we held an international workshop on the Foundations and Application of Decision Theory at the University of Western Ontario. To help structure the workshop into ordered and manageable sessions we distri- buted the following statement of our goals to all invited participants. They in turn responded with useful revisions and suggested their own areas of interest. Since this procedure provided the eventual format of the sessions, we include it here as the most appropriate introduction to these collected papers result- ing from the workshop. The reader can readily gauge the approximation to our mutual goals. 2. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE (Attached to this statement is a bibliography; names of persons cited in the statement and writing in this century will be found referenced in the biblio- graphy - certain 'classics' aSide. ) 2. 1. Preamble We understand in the following the Theory of Decisions in a broader sense than is presently customary, construing it to embrace a general theory of decision-making, including social, political and economic theory and applica- tions. Thus, we subsume the Theory of Games under the head of Decision Theory, regarding it as a particularly clearly formulated version of part of the general theory of decision-making.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52126431215889,"sku":"NLS9789027708441","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027708441.jpg?v=1757476142"},{"product_id":"advances-in-the-statistical-sciences-stochastic-hydrology-book-ib-macneill-9789401086257","title":"Advances in the Statistical Sciences: Stochastic Hydrology","description":"On May 27-31, 1985, a series of symposia was held at The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, to celebrate the 70th birthday of Pro- fessor V. M. Joshi. These symposia were chosen to reflect Professor Joshi's research interests as well as areas of expertise in statistical science among faculty in the Departments of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, Economics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Philosophy. From these symposia, the six volumes which comprise the Joshi Festschrift have arisen. The 117 articles in this work reflect the broad interests and high quality of research of those who attended our conference. We would like to thank alI of the contributors for their superb cooperation in helping us to complete this project. Our deepest gratitude must go to the three people who have spent so much of their time in the past year typing these volumes: Jackie BeU, Lise Constant, and Sandy Tamowski. This work has been printed from camera ready copy produced by our Vax 785 computer and QMS Lasergraphix printers, using the text processing software TEX. At the initiation of this project, we were neophytes in the use of this system. Thank you, J ackie, Lise, and Sandy, for having the persistence and dedication needed to complete this undertaking.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52126880432401,"sku":"NLS9789401086257","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401086257.jpg?v=1757480968"},{"product_id":"nature-mathematized-book-wr-shea-9789400969599","title":"Nature Mathematized","description":"These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25--29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Franyois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec a Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52126885216529,"sku":"NLS9789400969599","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789400969599.jpg?v=1757480999"},{"product_id":"scientific-rationality-the-sociological-turn-book-jr-brown-9789027718129","title":"Scientific Rationality: The Sociological Turn","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52126903927057,"sku":"NLS9789027718129","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027718129.jpg?v=1757481146"},{"product_id":"leibniz-s-metaphysics-of-nature-book-n-rescher-9789027712530","title":"Leibniz's Metaphysics of Nature","description":"The essays included in this volume are a mixture of old and new. Three of them make their first appearance in print on this occa- sion (Nos I, IV, and V). The remaining four are based upon materials previously published in learned journals or anthologies. (However, these previously published papers have been revised and, generally, expanded for inclusion here.) Detailed acknowl- edgement of prior publications is made in the notes to the relevant articles. I am grateful to the editors of these several publications for their kind permission to use this material. I am grateful to an anonymous reader for the Western Ontario Series for some useful corrigenda. And I should like to thank John Horty and Lily Knezevich for their help in seeing this material through the press. NICHOLAS RESCHER Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania May, 1980 xi INTRODUCTION The unifying theme of these essays is their concern with Leibniz's metaphysics of nature. In particular, they revolve about his cos- mology of creation and his conception of the real world as one among infinitely many equipossible alternatives.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52126969397521,"sku":"NLS9789027712530","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027712530.jpg?v=1757481706"},{"product_id":"natural-philosophy-of-leibniz-book-kathleen-okruhlik-9789401089234","title":"The Natural Philosophy of Leibniz","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52127214108945,"sku":"NLS9789401089234","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401089234.jpg?v=1757484592"},{"product_id":"ifs-book-wl-harper-9789027711847","title":"IFS","description":"With publication of the present volume, The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science enters its second phase. The first fourteen volumes in the Series were produced under the managing editorship of Professor James J. Leach, with the cooperation of a local editorial board. Many of these volumes resulted from colloguia and workshops held in con- nection with the University of Western Ontario Graduate Programme in Philosophy of Science. Throughout its seven year history, the Series has been devoted to publication of high quality work in philosophy of science con- sidered in its widest extent, including work in philosophy of the special sciences and history of the conceptual development of science. In future, this general editorial emphasis will be maintained, and hopefully, broadened to include important works by scholars working outside the local context. Appointment of a new managing editor, together with an expanded editorial board, brings with it the hope of an enlarged international presence for the Series. Serving the publication needs of those working in the various subfields within philosophy of science is a many-faceted operation. Thus in future the Series will continue to produce edited proceedings of worthwhile scholarly meetings and edited collections of seminal background papers. How- ever, the publication priorities will shift emphasis to favour production of monographs in the various fields covered by the scope of the Series. THE MANAGING EDITOR vii W. L. Harper, R. Stalnaker, and G. Pearce (eds.), lIs, vii.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52127214240017,"sku":"NLS9789027711847","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027711847.jpg?v=1757484593"},{"product_id":"science-decision-and-value-book-jj-leach-9789027702395","title":"Science, Decision and Value","description":"This volume grew out of the papers and comments presented at the Fifth University of Western Ontario Philosophy Colloquium, October 31- November 2, 1969. The colloquium papers were delivered by P. Suppes, R. B. Braithwaite, C. W. Churchman, and J. S. Minas. Comments are provided from others attending the colloquium, with one reply by P. Suppes. Also included are papers recently published elsewhere by A. Michalos, P. Fishburn and H. -N. Castaneda. The editors express thanks to these authors and to the editors of the following respective journals for per- mission to publish: Theory and Decision, Synthese, and Critica. Finally, there is an extensive bibliography of decision theory, vis-a. -vis science and values. The editors wish to thank the officers of the University of Western Ontario for making the colloquium possible. THE EDITORS CONTENTS PREFACE V PATRICK SUPES I The Concept of Obligation in the Context of Decision Theory 1 HENR Y KYBURG I Comments 15 PATRICK SUPES I Reply to Professor Kyburg 19 R. B. BRAITHWAITE I Behind Decision and Games Theory: Acting with a Co-Agent versus Acting Along with Nature 22 ISAC LEVI I Comments 56 RONALD GIERE I Comments 62 I. J. GOD I Comments 67 C. WEST CHURCHMAN I Measurement: A Systems Approach 70 ISAC LEVI I Comments 87 RONALD GIERE I Comments 95 PETER C. FISHBURN I Utility Theory with Inexact Preferences and Degrees of Preference 98 I. J.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52128722518289,"sku":"NLS9789027702395","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027702395.jpg?v=1757492826"},{"product_id":"nature-animated-book-m-ruse-9789027714039","title":"Nature Animated","description":"These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25-29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Fran ois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec it Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52131285336337,"sku":"NLS9789027714039","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027714039.jpg?v=1757509060"},{"product_id":"knowledge-and-reality-book-p-parrini-9789048149902","title":"Knowledge and Reality","description":"XIV The stability of a philosophical construction will depend not only upon the solidity of the blocks, of the pillars and architraves that make it up, but also upon the way in which all these parts are connected. Of course, it will not be possible to argue for every single part of a philosophical building: to do so would mean to embark in a virtually endless enterprise. Accordingly, some of the parts of a philosophical building will have to be taken from the literature on the subject as 'ready made' or 'semi-finished' elements, while others will be argued for in the course of building. This is what happened in my work too. In some cases (for in- stance, in the case of epistemic relativism), my concern was to illustrate theses which I believed to be sufficiently consolidated, rather than to ar- gue for them. In other cases - where I was directly engaged in building the theory that I want to fonnulate - I did exactly the opposite. This is what I have tried to achieve, for example, for those proper architraves of my construction, viz. the connection between scepticism and metaphysi- cal realism. and the thesis of the nonnative value of the fundamental epistemological notions (truth, objectivity, and rationality).","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52131936796945,"sku":"NLS9789048149902","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789048149902.jpg?v=1757513843"},{"product_id":"metaphysics-and-philosophy-of-science-in-the-seventeenth-and-eighteenth-centurie-book-rs-woolhouse-9789401078467","title":"Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries","description":"The essays in this collection have been written for Gerd Buchdahl, by colleagues, students and friends, and are self-standing pieces of original research which have as their main concern the metaphysics and philosophy of science of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They focus on issues about the development of philosophical and scientific thought which are raised by or in the work of such as Bernoulli, Descartes, Galileo, Kant, Leibniz, Maclaurin, Priestly, Schelling, Vico. Apart from the initial bio-bibliographical piece and those by Robert Butts and Michael Power, they do not discuss Buchdahl or his ideas in any systematic, lengthy, or detailed way. But they are collected under a title which alludes to the book, Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Science: The Classical Origins, Descartes to Kant (1969), which is central in the corpus of his work, and deal with the period and some of the topics with which that book deals.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52132844372241,"sku":"NLS9789401078467","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401078467.jpg?v=1757520458"},{"product_id":"witches-scientists-philosophers-essays-and-lectures-book-robert-e-butts-9780792366089","title":"Witches, Scientists, Philosophers: Essays and Lectures","description":"Robert E. Butts (1928-1997) was a philosopher and  historian of science whose central concerns were the distinction  between the rational and the irrational. He viewed scientific  rationality as our major defence against the various conditions that  encourage witch hunts and similar outbursts of irrationality, with all  their attendant pain and terror. Butts saw himself as a pragmatic  realist, combining what he took to be the best aspects of logical  empiricism with a historically informed pragmatism, deeply  appreciative of the methods of science, trying to describe a kind of  rationality essential in the struggle to preserve human values.    This volume gathers previously unpublished essays and lectures with  some previously published, thematically related essays. It includes  essays and lectures on philosophical aspects of the European witch  hunt, on scientific rationality and methodology, and on the  relationships between science and philosophy exhibited in the writings  of such historically significant figures as Leibniz, D'Alembert, Hume,  Kant, Carnap and Kuhn.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52133886230801,"sku":"NLS9780792366089","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792366089.jpg?v=1757536723"},{"product_id":"interpretation-of-quantum-mechanics-book-jeffrey-bub-9789027704658","title":"The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics","description":"This book is a contribution to a problem in foundational studies, the problem of the interpretation of quantum mechanics, in the sense of the theoretical significance of the transition from classical to quantum mechanics. The obvious difference between classical and quantum mechanics is that quantum mechanics is statistical and classical mechanics isn't. Moreover, the statistical character of the quantum theory appears to be irreducible: unlike classical statistical mechanics, the probabilities are not generated by measures on a probability space, i. e. by distributions over atomic events or classical states. But how can a theory of mechanics be statistical and complete? Answers to this question which originate with the Copenhagen inter- pretation of Bohr and Heisenberg appeal to the limited possibilities of measurement at the microlevel. To put it crudely: Those little electrons, protons, mesons, etc., are so tiny, and our fingers so clumsy, that when- ever we poke an elementary particle to see which way it will jump, we disturb the system radically - so radically, in fact, that a considerable amount of information derived from previous measurements is no longer applicable to the system. We might replace our fingers by finer probes, but the finest possible probes are the elementary particles them- selves, and it is argued that the difficulty really arises for these.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52134462750993,"sku":"NLS9789027704658","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52763101462801,"sku":"NIN9789027704658","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027704658.jpg?v=1757541770"},{"product_id":"actuarial-science-book-ib-macneill-9789027723987","title":"Actuarial Science","description":"On May 27-31, 1985, a series of symposia was held at The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, to celebrate the 70th birthday of Pro- fessor V. M. Joshi. These symposia were chosen to reflect Professor Joshi's research interests as well as areas of expertise in statistical science among faculty in the Departments of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, Economics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Philosophy. From these symposia, the six volumes which comprise the Joshi Festschrift have arisen. The 117 articles in this work reflect the broad interests and high quality of research of those who attended our conference. We would like to thank all of the contributors for their superb cooperation in helping us to complete this project. Our deepest gratitude must go to the three people who have spent so much of their time in the past year typing these volumes: Jackie Bell, Lise Constant, and Sandy Tarnowski. This work has been printed from camera ready copy produced by our Vax 785 computer and QMS Lasergraphix printers, using the text processing software TEX. At the initiation of this project, we were neophytes in the use of this system. Thank you, Jackie, Lise, and Sandy, for having the persistence and dedication needed to complete this undertaking.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52134967509265,"sku":"NLS9789027723987","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027723987.jpg?v=1757546268"},{"product_id":"physicalism-in-mathematics-book-ad-irvine-9780792305132","title":"Physicalism in Mathematics","description":"This collection of papers has its origin in a conference held at the Uni- versity of Toronto in June of 1988. The theme of the conference was Physicalism in Mathematics: Recent Work in the Philosophy of Math- ematics. At the conference, papers were read by Geoffrey Hellman (Minnesota), Yvon Gauthier (Montreal), Michael Hallett (McGill), Hartry Field (USC), Bob Hale (Lancaster \u0026amp; St Andrew's), Alasdair Urquhart (Toronto) and Penelope Maddy (Irvine). This volume supplements updated versions of six of those papers with contributions by Jim Brown (Toronto), John Bigelow (La Trobe), John Burgess (Princeton), Chandler Davis (Toronto), David Papineau (Cambridge), Michael Resnik (North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Peter Simons (Salzburg) and Crispin Wright (St Andrews \u0026amp; Michigan). Together they provide a vivid, expansive snapshot of the exciting work which is currently being carried out in philosophy of mathematics. Generous financial support for the original conference was provided by the Social Sciences \u0026amp; Humanities Research Council of Canada, the British Council, and the Department of Philosophy together with the Office of Internal Relations at the University of Toronto. Additional support for the production of this volume was gratefully received from the Social Sciences \u0026amp; Humanities Research Council of Canada.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52135262224657,"sku":"NLS9780792305132","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792305132.jpg?v=1757548123"},{"product_id":"explanation-causation-and-deduction-book-fred-wilson-9789401088183","title":"Explanation, Causation and Deduction","description":"The purpose of this essay is to defend the deductive-nomological model of explanation against a number of criticisms that have been made of it. It has traditionally been thought that scientific explanations were causal and that scientific explanations involved deduction from laws. In recent years, however, this three-fold identity has been challenged: there are, it is argued, causal explanations that are not scientific, scientific explanations that are not deductive, deductions from laws that are neither causal explanations nor scientific explanations, and causal explanations that involve no deductions from laws. The aim of the present essay is to defend the traditional identities, and to show that the more recent attempts at invalidating them fail in their object. More specifically, this essay argues that a Humean version of the deductive-nomological model of explanation can be defended as (1) the correct account of scientific explanation of individual facts and processes, and as (2) the correct account of causal explanations of individual facts and processes. The deductive-nomological model holds that to explain an event E, say that a is G, one must find some initial conditions C, say that a is F, and a law or theory T such that T and C jointly entail E, and both are essential to the deduction.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52135523025169,"sku":"NLS9789401088183","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401088183.jpg?v=1757549503"},{"product_id":"change-and-progress-in-modern-science-book-joseph-c-pitt-9789400965270","title":"Change and Progress in Modern Science","description":"The papers presented here derive from the 4th International Confe:--ence on History and Philosophy of Science held in Blacksburg, Virginia, U. S. A. , November 2-6, 1982. The Conference was sponsored by the I nternational Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech). Particular thanks go to L. Jonathan Cohen, Secretary of the Union, as well as to Dean Henry Bauer of the College of Arts \u0026amp; Sciences, Wilfred Jewkes and the Center for Programs in the Humanities, Arthur Donovan and the Center for the Study of Science in Society and the Department of Philoso- phy and Religion at Virginia Tech. Not only did they come through with the necessat\"y funds, but they were all always ready with a helping hand when things got confusing. Two additional groups of individuals require a special note of thanks. First, considerable appreciation is due the mem- bers of the Joint Commission of the I nternational Union of History and Philosophy of Science: Maurice Crosland, Risto Hilpinen and Vladimir Kirsanov. They were more than gen- erous in thei r advice and co-operation. The Local Organizing Committee (Kenneth Alpern, Roger Ariew, Arthur Donovan, Larry Laudan, Ann La Berge, Duncan Porter, Eleonore Stump and Dennis Welch) not only demon- strated efficiency and insured a pleasant stay for' all participants, but also went out of their way on numerous occasions to make everyone feel at home.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52135789461777,"sku":"NLS9789400965270","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789400965270.jpg?v=1757550909"},{"product_id":"nature-animated-book-m-ruse-9789400969629","title":"Nature Animated","description":"These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25-29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Fran ois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec it Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52135975846161,"sku":"NLS9789400969629","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789400969629.jpg?v=1757551960"},{"product_id":"quantifying-music-book-hf-cohen-9789027716378","title":"Quantifying Music","description":"The soul rejoices in perceiving harmonious sound; when the sound is not harmonious it is grieved. From these affects of the soul are derived the name of consonances for the harmonic proportions, and the name of dissonances for the unharmonic proportions. When to this is added the other harmonie proportion whieh consists of the longer or shorter duration of musical sound, then the soul stirs the body to jumping dance, the tongue to inspired speech, according to the same laws. The artisans accommodate to these harmonies the blows of their hammers, the soldiers their pace. As long as the harmonies endure, everything is alive; everything stiffens, when they are disturbed.! Thus the German astronomer, Johannes Kepler, evokes the power of music. Where does this power come from? What properties of music enable it to stir up emotions which may go far beyond just feeling generally pleased, and which may express themselves, for instance, in weeping; in laughing; in trembling over the whole body; in a marked acceleration of breathing and heartbeat; in participating in the rhythm with the head, the hands, the arms, and the feet? 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From these symposia, the six volumes which comprise the Joshi Festschrift have arisen. The 117 articles in this work reflect the broad interests and high quality of research of those who attended our conference. We would like to thank alI of the contributors for their superb cooperation in helping us to complete this project. Our deepest gratitude must go to the three people who have spent so much of their time in the past year typing these volumes: Jackie BeU, Lise Constant, and Sandy Tamowski. This work has been printed from camera ready copy produced by our Vax 785 computer and QMS Lasergraphix printers, using the text processing software TEX. At the initiation of this project, we were neophytes in the use of this system. Thank you, J ackie, Lise, and Sandy, for having the persistence and dedication needed to complete this undertaking.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52136402190609,"sku":"NLS9789027723963","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027723963.jpg?v=1757553897"},{"product_id":"foundations-of-probability-theory-statistical-inference-and-statistical-theories-book-wl-harper-9789027706164","title":"Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science","description":"In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Baysian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52136735080721,"sku":"NLS9789027706164","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52763102085393,"sku":"NIN9789027706164","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027706164.jpg?v=1757554771"},{"product_id":"foundations-of-probability-theory-statistical-inference-and-statistical-theories-book-wl-harper-9789027706188","title":"Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science","description":"In May of 1973 we organized an international research colloquium on foundations of probability, statistics, and statistical theories of science at the University of Western Ontario. During the past four decades there have been striking formal advances in our understanding of logic, semantics and algebraic structure in probabilistic and statistical theories. These advances, which include the development of the relations between semantics and metamathematics, between logics and algebras and the algebraic-geometrical foundations of statistical theories (especially in the sciences), have led to striking new insights into the formal and conceptual structure of probability and statistical theory and their scientific applications in the form of scientific theory. The foundations of statistics are in a state of profound conflict. Fisher's objections to some aspects of Neyman-Pearson statistics have long been well known. More recently the emergence of Bayesian statistics as a radical alternative to standard views has made the conflict especially acute. In recent years the response of many practising statisticians to the conflict has been an eclectic approach to statistical inference. Many good statisticians have developed a kind of wisdom which enables them to know which problems are most appropriately handled by each of the methods available. The search for principles which would explain why each of the methods works where it does and fails where it does offers a fruitful approach to the controversy over foundations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52136975892753,"sku":"NLS9789027706188","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52763102118161,"sku":"NIN9789027706188","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027706188.jpg?v=1757556024"},{"product_id":"ifs-book-wl-harper-9789027712202","title":"IFS","description":"With publication of the present volume, The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science enters its second phase. The first fourteen volumes in the Series were produced under the managing editorship of Professor James J. Leach, with the cooperation of a local editorial board. Many of these volumes resulted from colloguia and workshops held in con- nection with the University of Western Ontario Graduate Programme in Philosophy of Science. Throughout its seven year history, the Series has been devoted to publication of high quality work in philosophy of science con- sidered in its widest extent, including work in philosophy of the special sciences and history of the conceptual development of science. In future, this general editorial emphasis will be maintained, and hopefully, broadened to include important works by scholars working outside the local context. Appointment of a new managing editor, together with an expanded editorial board, brings with it the hope of an enlarged international presence for the Series. Serving the publication needs of those working in the various subfields within philosophy of science is a many-faceted operation. Thus in future the Series will continue to produce edited proceedings of worthwhile scholarly meetings and edited collections of seminal background papers. How- ever, the publication priorities will shift emphasis to favour production of monographs in the various fields covered by the scope of the Series. THE MANAGING EDITOR vii W. L. Harper, R. Stalnaker, and G. Pearce (eds.), lIs, vii.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52137010725137,"sku":"NLS9789027712202","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027712202.jpg?v=1757556253"},{"product_id":"intuition-and-the-axiomatic-method-book-emily-carson-9781402040399","title":"Intuition and the Axiomatic Method","description":"Following developments in modern geometry, logic and physics, many scientists and philosophers in the modern era considered Kant’s theory of intuition to be obsolete. But this only represents one side of the story concerning Kant, intuition and twentieth century science. Several prominent mathematicians and physicists were convinced that the formal tools of modern logic, set theory and the axiomatic method are not sufficient for providing mathematics and physics with satisfactory foundations. All of Hilbert, Gödel, Poincaré, Weyl and Bohr thought that intuition was an indispensable element in describing the foundations of science. They had very different reasons for thinking this, and they had very different accounts of what they called intuition. But they had in common that their views of mathematics and physics were significantly influenced by their readings of Kant. In the present volume, various views of intuition and the axiomatic method are explored, beginning with Kant’s own approach. By way of these investigations, we hope to understand better the rationale behind Kant’s theory of intuition, as well as to grasp many facets of the relations between theories of intuition and the axiomatic method, dealing with both their strengths and limitations; in short, the volume covers logical and non-logical, historical and systematic issues in both mathematics and physics.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52137609134353,"sku":"NLS9781402040399","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781402040399.jpg?v=1757558294"},{"product_id":"constructivism-and-science-book-robert-e-butts-9789401069212","title":"Constructivism and Science","description":"The idea to produce the current volume was conceived by Jiirgen Mittelstrass and Robert E. Butts in 1978. Idealist philosophers are wrong about one thing: the temporal gap separating idea and reality can be very long indeed - even ten or so years  Problems of timing were joined by personal problems and by the pressure of other professional commitments. Fortunately, James Brown agreed to cooperate in the editing of the volume; the infusion of his usual energy, good judgement and good-natured promptness saved the volume and made its produc- tion possible. Despite the delays, the messages of the papers included in the book have not gone stale. An extremely worthwhile exercise in international philosophical cooperation has come to fruition; the German constructivist philosophical position is here represented in papers in English that will make its contemporary importance available to a larger audience. The editors owe thanks to many persons. All involved in the project owe much to the interest and support of Nicholas Rescher, a friend of the undertaking from the time of its inception. My review of the translations was helped immensely by Andrea Purvis' careful copy editing of the typescript. Most of all, however, we owe gratitude and admiration for the tireless efforts on behalf of this enterprise to Jiirgen Mittelstrass.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52139928355089,"sku":"NLS9789401069212","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401069212.jpg?v=1757571717"},{"product_id":"images-perception-and-knowledge-book-jm-nicholas-9789401011952","title":"Images, Perception, and Knowledge","description":"Despite the strictures of the extreme Behaviourists, psychologists have been taking an increasing interest in the development of theories concerning the 'mechanisms' internal to humans and animals which permit perceptual, memory, and problem solving behaviour. 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The purpose of this volume is selectively to exhibit some of the proposals concerning theories of internal representation which have been put forward in recent years. The area of central concern is the resurgence of interest in the role of imagery in cognition which has taken place in the last fifteen years.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52139941789969,"sku":"NLS9789401011952","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401011952.jpg?v=1757571797"},{"product_id":"contemporary-research-in-the-foundations-and-philosophy-of-quantum-theory-book-ca-hooker-9789027703385","title":"Contemporary Research in the Foundations and Philosophy of Quantum Theory","description":"To mathematicians, mathematics is a happy game, to scientists a mere tool and to philosophers a Platonic mystery - or so the caricature runs. The caricature reflects the alleged 'cultural gap' between the disciplines- a gap for which there too often has been, sadly, sound historical evidence. In many minds the lack of communication between philosophy and the exact disciplines is especially prominent. Yet in the past there was no separation - exact knowledge, covering both scientists and mathemati- cians, was known as natural philosophy and the business of providing a critical view of the nature of reality and an accurate mathematical de- scription of it constituted a single task from the glorious tradition begun by the early Greek philosophers even up until Newton's day (but I am thinking of Descartes and Leibniz I). The lack of communication between these professional groups has been particularly unfortunate, for the past half century has seen the most ex- citing developments in mathematical physics since Newton. These devel- opments hinged on the introduction of vast new reaches of mathematics into physics (non-Euclidean geometries, covariant formulations, non- commutative algebras, functional analysis and so on) and conversely have challenged mathematicians to develop the appropriate mathematical fields. 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Moreover, the statistical character of the quantum theory appears to be irreducible: unlike classical statistical mechanics, the probabilities are not generated by measures on a probability space, i. e. by distributions over atomic events or classical states. But how can a theory of mechanics be statistical and complete? Answers to this question which originate with the Copenhagen inter- pretation of Bohr and Heisenberg appeal to the limited possibilities of measurement at the microlevel. To put it crudely: Those little electrons, protons, mesons, etc., are so tiny, and our fingers so clumsy, that when- ever we poke an elementary particle to see which way it will jump, we disturb the system radically - so radically, in fact, that a considerable amount of information derived from previous measurements is no longer applicable to the system. 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We would like to thank the National Science Foundation and the School of Humanities of the University of California at Irvine for generous support. WILIAM HARPER University of Western Ontario BRIAN SKYRMS University of California at Irvine VI INTRODUCTION TO CAUSATION, CHANCE, AND CREDENCE The search for causes is so central to science that it has sometimes been taken as the defining attribute of the scientific enterprise. Yet even after twenty-five centuries of philosophical analysis the meaning of cause is still a matter of controversy, among scientists as well as philosophers. Part of the problem is that the servicable concepts of causation built out of Necessity, Sufficiency, Locality, and Temporal Precedence were constructed for a deterministic world-view which has been obsolete since the advent of quantum theory. A physically credible theory of causation must be, at basis, statistical. 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Since this procedure provided the eventual format of the sessions, we include it here as the most appropriate introduction to these collected papers result- ing from the workshop. The reader can readily gauge the approximation to our mutual goals. 2. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE (Attached to this statement is a bibliography; names of persons cited in the statement and writing in this century will be found referenced in the biblio- graphy - certain 'classics' aSide. ) 2. 1. Preamble We understand in the following the Theory of Decisions in a broader sense than is presently customary, construing it to embrace a general theory of decision-making, including social, political and economic theory and applica- tions. 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Thank you, Jackie, Lise, and Sandy, for having the persistence and dedication needed to complete this undertaking.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52141223674129,"sku":"NLS9789401086271","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401086271.jpg?v=1757576764"},{"product_id":"time-series-and-econometric-modelling-book-ib-macneill-9789401086240","title":"Time Series and Econometric Modelling","description":"On May 27-31, 1985, a series of symposia was held at The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, to celebrate the 70th birthday of Pro- fessor V. M. Joshi. These symposia were chosen to reflect Professor Joshi's research interests as well as areas of expertise in statistical science among faculty in the Departments of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, Economics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Philosophy. From these symposia, the six volumes which comprise the Joshi Festschrift have arisen. The 117 articles in this work reflect the broad interests and high quality of research of those who attended our conference. We would like to thank all of the contributors for their superb cooperation in helping us to complete this project. Our deepest gratitude must go to the three people who have spent so much of their time in the past year typing these volumes: Jackie Bell, Lise Constant, and Sandy Tarnowski. This work has been printed from camera ready copy produced by our Vax 785 computer and QMS Lasergraphix printers, using the text processing software TEX. At the initiation of this project, we were neophytes in the use of this system. Thank you, Jackie, Lise, and Sandy, for having the persistence and dedication needed to complete this undertaking.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52141258309905,"sku":"NLS9789401086240","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401086240.jpg?v=1757576885"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.worldofbooks.com\/collections\/the-western-ontario-series-in-philosophy-of-science-book-series.oembed?page=2","provider":"World of Books ","version":"1.0","type":"link"}