{"title":"Topics In Current Physics","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"applications-of-the-monte-carlo-method-in-statistical-physics-book-y-saito-9783540176503","title":"Applications of the Monte Carlo Method in Statistical Physics","description":"Deals with the computer simulation of complex physical sys- tems encounteredin condensed-matter physics and statistical mechanics as well as in related fields such as metallurgy, polymer research,lattice gauge theory and quantummechanics.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ WELL_READ \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49635939057937,"sku":"GOR012663573","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52410685260049,"sku":"NLS9783540176503","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/3540176500.jpg?v=1792002677"},{"product_id":"applications-of-the-monte-carlo-method-in-statistical-physics-book-y-saito-9783642967900","title":"Applications of the Monte Carlo Method in Statistical Physics","description":"Monte Carlo computer simulations are now a standard tool in scientific fields such as condensed-matter physics, including surface-physics and applied-physics problems (metallurgy, diffusion, and segregation, etc. ), chemical physics, including studies of solutions, chemical reactions, polymer statistics, etc., and field theory. With the increasing ability of this method to deal with quantum-mechanical problems such as quantum spin systems or many-fermion problems, it will become useful for other questions in the fields of elementary-particle and nuclear physics as well. The large number of recent publications dealing either with applications or further development of some aspects of this method is a clear indication that the scientific community has realized the power and versatility of Monte Carlo simula- tions, as well as of related simulation techniques such as molecular dynamics and Langevin dynamics, which are only briefly mentioned in the present book. With the increasing availability of recent very-high-speed general-purpose computers, many problems become tractable which have so far escaped satisfactory treatment due to prac- tical limitations (too small systems had to be chosen, or too short averaging times had to be used). While this approach is admittedly rather expensive, two cheaper alternatives have become available, too: (i) array or vector processors specifical- ly suited for wide classes of simulation purposes; (ii) special purpose processors, which are built for a more specific class of problems or, in the extreme case, for the simulation of one single model system.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51061087043857,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51061089566993,"sku":"NIN9783642967900","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655451832593,"sku":"NLS9783642967900","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/3642967906.jpg?v=1786090612"},{"product_id":"computer-processing-of-electron-microscope-images-book-rh-wade-9783642813832","title":"Computer Processing of Electron Microscope Images","description":"Towards the end of the 1960s, a number of quite different circumstances combined to launch a period of intense activity in the digital processing of electron micro- graphs. First, many years of work on correcting the resolution-limiting aberrations of electron microscope objectives had shown that these optical impediments to very high resolution could indeed be overcome, but only at the cost of immense exper- imental difficulty; thanks largely to the theoretical work of K. -J. Hanszen and his colleagues and to the experimental work of F. Thon, the notions of transfer func- tions were beginning to supplant or complement the concepts of geometrical optics in electron optical thinking; and finally, large fast computers, capable of manipu- lating big image matrices in a reasonable time, were widely accessible. Thus the idea that recorded electron microscope images could be improved in some way or rendered more informative by subsequent computer processing gradually gained ground. At first, most effort was concentrated on three-dimensional reconstruction, particu- larly of specimens with natural symmetry that could be exploited, and on linear operations on weakly scattering specimens (Chap. l). In 1973, however, R. W. Gerchberg and W. O. Saxton described an iterative algorithm that in principle yielded the phase and amplitude of the electron wave emerging from a strongly scattering speci- men.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52089475137809,"sku":"NLS9783642813832","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642813832.jpg?v=1791885467"},{"product_id":"metallic-magnetism-book-ia-campbell-9783642500701","title":"Metallic Magnetism","description":"The magnetism of iron and other transition metals had been a subject of inten- sive research for a long time, but the understanding of the microscopic origin of metallic magnetism was quite limited until the early 1970's. During the last 10 to 15 years both theory and experiment contributed towards signif- icant progress in this field, such that today a qualitative understanding has been achieved. The word qualitative indicates that the knowledge is still not complete; although many properties, the ground state as well as the finite- temperature behaviour and the phase transition from magnetic order at low temperatures to the paramagnetic state at high temperatures, can be explained in a coherent way, a quantitative description still is not fully achieved. It is certainly appropriate to summarize the developments of the last 15 years and the present-day understanding of the field, this is the aim of this Topics volume. The form chosen is a collection of reviews, written by prominent scientists who themselves contributed decisively to the progress. Scientists with a general interest in the field as well as specialists and active researchers in metallic magnetism should be able to profit from the two-volume treatment. The subjects not covered extensively in the present first volume (in particular neutron scattering and electronic structure properties) will make up the second volume.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52331056234769,"sku":"NLS9783642500701","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642500701.jpg?v=1791985179"},{"product_id":"persistent-spectral-hole-burning-science-and-applications-book-rm-shelby-9783642832925","title":"Persistent Spectral Hole-Burning: Science and Applications","description":"Almost fifteen years have now elapsed since the first observations of per- sistent spectral hole-burning in inhomogeneously broadened absorption lines in solids. The fact that the spectral shape of an inhomogeneously broadened line can be locally modified for long periods of time has led to a large number of investigations of low-temperature photophysics and photochemistry that would not have been possible otherwise. Using hole- burning, important information has been obtained about a variety of in- teractions, including excited-state dephasing processes, host-guest dynam- ics, proton tunnelling, low-frequency excitation in amorphous hosts, relaxation mechanisms for vibrational modes, photochemical mechanisms at liquid helium temperatures, and external field perturbations. At the same time, the possibility that persistent spectral holes might be used to store digital information has led to the study of materials and configura- tions for frequency-domain optical storage and related possible applica- tions. This is the first full-length book on persistent spectral hole-burning. The goal is to provide a broadly based survey of the scientific principles and applications of persistent spectral hole-burning. Since the topic is quite interdisciplinary, the book is intended for researchers, graduate stu- dents, and advanced undergraduates in the fields of chemical physics, solid-state physics, laser spectroscopy, solid-state photochemistry, and high-performance optical storage and optical processing.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52340187955473,"sku":"NLS9783642832925","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642832925.jpg?v=1791962673"},{"product_id":"dynamics-of-solids-and-liquids-by-neutron-scattering-book-jw-white-9783642811159","title":"Dynamics of Solids and Liquids by Neutron Scattering","description":"Inelastic neutron scattering is a well established and important technique for studying the dynamical properties of condensed matter at the atomic level. Often, as is the case of experiments designed to study motions of hydrogen atoms, or magnetic excitations, it may yield information obtainable in no other way. Our aim in assembling this book is to produce an overview of some research topics which have come to the fore recently with the development of high neutron fluxes and high performance inelastic scattering spectrometers. The topics dis- cussed here are, by and large, developing rapidly and have not reached the stage at which definitive accounts are always possible. Authors have not therefore attempted to make an extensive review of their topic, and the papers quoted in the text are, in general, those which are seen as having been important in its develop- ment (they date, roughly, from the 1971 IAEA conference on neutron scattering held in Grenoble). Basic phenomena are illustrated for the most part by the discussion of one, or two, typical examples. The authors hope that the book will be useful to researchers who are not yet fully aware of the diverse range of problems to which the technique can be applied, and to students beginning research work. For this reason, the first chapter by S. w.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52347806220561,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52347810185489,"sku":"NLS9783642811159","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642811159.jpg?v=1791930926"},{"product_id":"photoacoustic-photothermal-and-photochemical-processes-at-surfaces-and-in-thin-f-book-rm-miller-9783642839474","title":"Photoacoustic, Photothermal and Photochemical Processes at Surfaces and in Thin Films","description":"Review articles by leading scientists in their fields are brought together in this volume to provide a comprehensive treatment of photoacoustic, photothermal and photochemical processes at surfaces and in thin films. The articles introduce the fields, review present knowledge and conclude with latest developments and future prospects. Topics covered include laser-induced desorption, ablation and surface damage; surface acoustic waves; photothermal and photoacoustic characterization of thin films and interfaces; depth profiling in the frequency and time domains; remote testing and nondestructive evaluation; materials characterization; and new theoretical approaches using fractals. The book will interest newcomers to photoacoustics, since it gives an overview of current research and details of experimental methods. It will also be a source of information for those already in the field due to its clear presentation of theory and experimental results. All relevant literature references in this rapidly expanding field are included.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52350320935185,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52350325129489,"sku":"NLS9783642839474","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642839474.jpg?v=1790186341"},{"product_id":"photoacoustic-photothermal-and-photochemical-processes-in-gases-book-w-tonk-9783642838538","title":"Photoacoustic, Photothermal and Photochemical Processes in Gases","description":"Gas-phase photoacoustics are treated comprehensively for the first time in this book. Review articles by leading scientists in the respective research areas introduce their fields, review present knowledge and conclude with the latest developments and future prospects. Topics covered include the theory of photoacoustics in the frequency and time domains, acoustic resonator models, a great variety of experimental setups and techniques, studies of spectrocopy and fundamental kinetic processes such as energy transfer and chemical reactions, and applications such as air and exhaust monitoring and trace gas detection in biology and agriculture. The book will interest newcomers to photoacoustics, since it gives an overview of the important directions of current research and detailed descriptions of experimental methods. It will also be a valuable source of information for those already involved in photoacoustic research due to its clear presentation of theory and experimental results. All relevant literature references in this rapidly expanding field of laser applications are included.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52351011356945,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52351015092497,"sku":"NLS9783642838538","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642838538.jpg?v=1791906721"},{"product_id":"coherent-radiation-sources-book-gd-kovalenko-9783642511875","title":"Coherent Radiation Sources","description":"Energetic electromagnetic radiation finds frequent uses in science (e. g., for expe- riments in nuclear and elementary - particle physics), in technology (for materials testing), and in medicine (for medical X-rays). The most common method of genera- ting such radiation is via the process of bremsstrahlung (a German term coined by A. Sommerfeld, meaning braking radiation) in which a beam of electrons is direc- ted into matter (e. g., a metal target), losing energy during its collisions with the atoms and releasing this energy in the form of emitted radiation. The character of such radiation may be drastically changed by the use of a tar- get with periodic structure (most commonly, a crystal target). The coherent waves emitted from individual crystal atoms interfere with each other, monochromatizing and polarizing the radiation and often increasing its intensity manifold, thereby creating a powerful radiation source of high quality for purposes of scientific and technical applications. This is true both for the well - established coherent bremsstrahlung process in which the interfering radiation is emitted while the electrons cross a succession of crystal planes, as well as for the more recently discovered process of channeling radiation (generating radiation of even higher intensity, but lower energy) in which the radiation is emitted while the electrons propagate along a crystal plane, or a crystal axis, in an oscillatory fashion.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52427060216081,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52427060871441,"sku":"NLS9783642511875","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642511875.jpg?v=1791980207"},{"product_id":"monte-carlo-methods-in-statistical-physics-book-k-binder-9783540165149","title":"Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics","description":"It is hoped that the reduced price of this paperback edition will make it accessible to a wide range of scientists and students in the fields to which it is relevant: theoretical phYSics and physical chemistry , con densed-matter physics and materials science, computational physics and applied mathematics, etc.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52617265152273,"sku":"NLS9783540165149","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783540165149.jpg?v=1789482184"},{"product_id":"aerosol-microphysics-ii-book-w-h-marlow-9783642818073","title":"Aerosol Microphysics II","description":"Aerosols, which are gas-phase dispersions of particulate matter, draw upon and con tribute to multidisciplinary work in technology and the natural sciences. As has been true throughout the history of science with other fields of interest whose un derlying disciplinary structure was either unclear or insufficiently well developed to contribute effectively to those fields, aerosol science has. developed its own methods and lore somewhat sequestered from the main lines of contemporary physical thought. Indeed, this independent development is the essential step in which syste matic or phenomenological descriptions are evolved with validity of sufficient gen erality to suggest the potential for development of a physically rigorous and gen eralizable body of knowledge. At the same time, the field has stimulated many ques tions which, limited to its own resources, are hopelessly beyond explanation. As Kuhn pointed out in The Structure of Scientific Revolution  2nd enlarged edition (University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1970) Chapter I and Postscript-1969) this is a very common juncture in the development of a science. In brief, the transition from this earlier stage to the mature stage of the science involves a general re cognition and agreement of what the foundations of the field consist of. By this critical step, a field settles upon a common language which is well defined rather than the ambiguous, and often undefined descriptors prevalent at the earlier stage.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52622545879313,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622546534673,"sku":"NLS9783642818073","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642818073.jpg?v=1786442157"},{"product_id":"crystal-cohesion-and-conformational-energies-book-rm-metzger-9783642815799","title":"Crystal Cohesion and Conformational Energies","description":"With the advent of X-ray diffraction and crystal structure determination in 1912 researchers in physics and chemistry began investigating the problem of crystal co- hesion, i. e., on the question of what holds crystals together. The names of M. Born, E. Madelung, P. P. Ewald, F. Bloch, E. P. Wigner, and J. E. Mayer are, in particular, associated with the pre-1940 work on the cohesion of inorganic lattices. The advent of digital computers brought along great advances in the detailed understanding of ionic crystals, molecular crystals, and metals. The work of P. O. Lowdin and r A. I. Kitaigorodosky are seminal i these more recent advances. This volume is a collection of specialist reports on a subset of the general problem of crystal cohesion. It is intended for researchers and advanced students in solid-state chemistry and physics, and biochemistry. WILLIAMS reports on the mole- cule-independent empirical parameters for dispersion and repulsion that explain, and can predict, the cohesive energy of neutral organic lattices. MOMANY applies similar procedures to the conformational energy problem and shows how they can be used for the pharmacological problems of polypeptide drug design. METZGER uses quantum-mechanical molecule-dependent atom-in-molecule charges, dipole moments, and polarizabilities to study the cohesion of organic ionic (semiconducting) and par- tially ionic (metallic) lattices. SILVERMAN emphasizes, with quantum-mechanical dimer calculations, the importance of dispersive interactions for the observed stacking modes in organic metallic lattices.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52622563115281,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622563639569,"sku":"NLS9783642815799","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642815799.jpg?v=1785983464"},{"product_id":"magnetic-electron-lenses-book-pw-hawkes-9783642815188","title":"Magnetic Electron Lenses","description":"No single volume has been entirely devoted to the properties of magnetic lenses, so far as I am aware, although of course all the numerous textbooks on electron optics devote space to them. The absence of such a volume, bringing together in- formation about the theory and practical design of these lenses, is surprising, for their introduction some fifty years ago has created an entirely new family of commercial instruments, ranging from the now traditional transmission electron microscope, through the reflection and transmission scanning microscopes, to co- lumns for micromachining and microlithography, not to mention the host of experi- mental devices not available commercially. It therefore seemed useful to prepare an account of the various aspects of mag- netic lens studies. These divide naturally into the five chapters of this book: the theoretical background, in which the optical behaviour is described and formu- lae given for the various aberration coefficients; numerical methods for calculat- ing the field distribution and trajectory tracing; extensive discussion of the paraxial optical properties and aberration coefficients of practical lenses, il- lustrated with curves from which numerical information can be obtained; a comple- mentary account of the practical, engineering aspects of lens design, including permanent magnet lenses and the various types of superconducting lenses; and final- ly, an up-to-date survey of several kinds of highly unconventional magnetic lens, which may well change the appearance of future electron optical instruments very considerably after they cease to be unconventional.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622566195473,"sku":"NLS9783642815188","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52761841205521,"sku":"NIN9783642815188","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642815188.jpg?v=1785919694"},{"product_id":"superconductivity-in-ternary-compounds-ii-book-mb-maple-9783642818967","title":"Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II","description":"With contributions by numerous experts","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52622571700497,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622572192017,"sku":"NLS9783642818967","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642818967.jpg?v=1792019268"},{"product_id":"inverse-source-problems-in-optics-book-hp-baltes-9783642812743","title":"Inverse Source Problems in Optics","description":"H. P. Baltes We begin the introductory chapter with a general definition of the inverse optical problem. Next, we discuss the role of prior knowledge and the questions of uniqueness and stability. We then review the various specific inverse problems in optics as well as the contents of Chapters 2 to 6. Finally, we summarize the notation in co­ herence theory. 1. 1 Direct and Inverse Problems in Optical Physics The \"direct\" or \"normal\" problem in optical physics is to :Jredict the emission or propagation of radiation on the basis of a known constitution of sources or scat­ terers. The \"inverse\" or \"indirect\" problem is to deduce features of sources or scatterers from the detection of radiation. An intuitive solution of the optical inverse problem is commonplace: we infer the size, shape, surface texture, and ma­ terial of objects from their scattering and absorption of light as detected by our eyes. Intuition has to give way to mathematical reconstruction as soon as we wish to analyze optical data beyond their visual appearance. Examples are the extrapola­ tion and deblurring of optical images, the reconstruction from intuitively inacces­ sible data such as defocused images and interferograms, or the search for information that is \"lost\" in the detection process such as the phase. Following CHADAN and SABATIER [1. 1], a general definition of inverse optical problems can be attempted as follows. We describe the sources and scatterers by the set (1.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52622624194833,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622624850193,"sku":"NLS9783642812743","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642812743.jpg?v=1786441843"},{"product_id":"electron-spectroscopy-for-surface-analysis-book-h-ibach-9783642811012","title":"Electron Spectroscopy for Surface Analysis","description":"The development of surface physics and surface chemistry as a science is closely related to the technical development of a number of methods involving electrons either as an excitation source or as an emitted particle carrying characteristic information. Many of these various kinds of electron spectroscopies have become commercially available and have made their way into industrial laboratories. Others are still in an early stage, but may become of increasing importance in the future. In this book an assessment of the various merits and possible drawbacks of the most frequently used electron spectroscopies is attempted. Emphasis is put on prac- tical examples and experimental design rather than on theoretical considerations. The book addresses itself to the reader who wishes to know which electron spectroscopy or which combination of different electron spectroscopies he may choose for the particular problems under investigation. After a brief introduction the practical design of electron spectrometers and their figures of merit important for the different applications are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 deals with electron excited electron spectroscopies which are used for the elemental analysis of surfaces. Structure analysis by electron diffrac- tion is described in Chapter 4 with special emphasis on the use of electron diffrac- tion for the investigation of surface imperfections. For the application of electron diffraction to surface crystallography in general, the reader is referred to Volume 4 of Topics in Applied Physics.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52622642053393,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52622642577681,"sku":"NLS9783642811012","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642811012.jpg?v=1786442830"},{"product_id":"thin-film-and-depth-profile-analysis-book-h-oechsner-9783642465017","title":"Thin Film and Depth Profile Analysis","description":"The characterization of thin films and solid interfaces as well as the determina tion of concentration profiles in thin solid layers is one of the fields which re quire a rapid transfer of the results from basic research to technological applica tions and developments. It is the merit of the Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich and Else Heraeus-Stiftung to promote such a transfer by organizing high standard seminars mostly held at the Physikzentrum in Bad Honnef near Bonn. The present book has been stimulated by one of these seminars assembling most of the invited speakers as co-authors. The editor appreciates the cooperation of his colleagues contributing to this book. H. Oechsner Kaiserslautern, April 1984 v Contents 1. Introduction. ByH. Oechsner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 1 Requirements for Thin Film and In-Depth Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 2 Object and Outl i ne of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 References 2. The Application of Beam and Diffraction Techniques to Thin Film and Surface Micro-Analysis. By H. W. Werner (With 25 Fi gures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. 1 Methods to Determine Chemical Structures in Material Research 5 2. 2 Selected Analytical Features Used to Determine Chemical Structures 9 2. 2. 1 Depth Profi 1 ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9 a) Destructive Depth Profiling b) Nondestructive Methods for Depth and Thin Film Analysis 15 19 2. 2. 2 Microspot Analysis and Element Imaging 2. 3 Determining Physical Structures in Material Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2. 3. 1 X-Ray Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2. 3. 2 X-Ray Double Crystal Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2. 3.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52627158958353,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52627159777553,"sku":"NLS9783642465017","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642465017.jpg?v=1791972020"},{"product_id":"synchrotron-radiation-book-c-kunz-9783642812996","title":"Synchrotron Radiation","description":"Synchrotron radiation as a spectroscopic research tool has undergone a most inter- esting and astonishing historical development and has now come to the stage of an exciting boom. The machines which produce synchrotron radiation were built and de- veloped exclusively for other purposes in the past, namely high-energy physics. At the same time, however, they involuntarily became better and better light sources for the spectral range from the visible to the hard x-ray region. Now we are at the point that the first few storage rings have gone into operation as machines dedicated to synchrotron radiation and several more are in the stage of construction and planning. All this was brought about by the successful research performed during the past fifteen years in which several groups allover the world haVe participated at dif- ferent accelerator centers mostly symbiotic with high-energy physics. As it happens with a young and rapidly developing field, the number of reviews and monographs is still minute. The objective of this book is to fill an apparent gap and to provide a sound basis for those who are interested in synchrotron radiation and its applica- tions.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52627266732305,"sku":"NLS9783642812996","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642812996.jpg?v=1786441612"},{"product_id":"multiple-photon-excitation-and-dissociation-of-polyatomic-molecules-book-cyrus-d-cantrell-9783642822940","title":"Multiple-Photon Excitation and Dissociation of Polyatomic Molecules","description":"In the early 1970s, researchers in Canada, the Soviet Union and the United States discovered that powerful infrared laser pulses are capable of dissociating mole- cules such as SiF4 and SF6' This result, which was so unexpected that for some time the phenomenon of multiple-photon dissociation was not recognized in many cir- cumstances in which we now know that it occurs, was first publicized at a time when the possibility of using lasers for the separation of isotopes had attracted much attention in the scientific community. From the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, hun- dreds of experimental papers were published describing the multiple-photon absorp- tion of C02 laser pulses in nearly every simple molecule with an absorption band in the 9 - 11 jJm region. Despite this impressive volume of experimental results, and despite the efforts of numerous theorists, there is no agreement among re- searchers in the field on many fundamental aspects of the absorption of infrared laser light by polyatomic molecules. This book is devoted to reviells of the experimental and theoretical research that provides the foundations for our current understanding of molecular multiple- photon exc itat i on, and to rev i ews of research that is pert i nent to the 1 aser sep- aration of isotopes.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52627303498001,"sku":"NLS9783642822940","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52932513267985,"sku":"NIN9783642822940","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642822940.jpg?v=1791896216"},{"product_id":"structure-and-dynamics-of-surfaces-ii-book-a-muramatsu-9783642465932","title":"Structure and Dynamics of Surfaces II","description":"Structural and dynamical properties of surfaces are of considerable importance for the elucidation of surface phenomena. For example, the adsorption of particles and chemical reactions at surfaces are influenced by these properties. Also, the electronic surface states of electronic device materials (e.g., Schottky barrier diodes and metal-insulator-semiconductor devices) depend critically on the structure of the semiconductor surface and the overlayers. As in \u003ci\u003eStructure and Dynamics of Surfaces I\u003c\/i\u003e, this Topics volume considers the problems at the mircoscopic level. It deals with ordered and disordered as well as harmonic and anharmonic surface effects. Novel experimental techniques and theoretical developments which have been applied successfully during the last decade are integrated. The contributions of this volume also include the background of the subject, typical results, and, in most cases, trends of future developments.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52627304284433,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52627304972561,"sku":"NLS9783642465932","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642465932.jpg?v=1791926971"},{"product_id":"raman-spectroscopy-of-gases-and-liquids-book-a-weber-9783642812811","title":"Raman Spectroscopy of Gases and Liquids","description":"The Raman effect is a most useful tool for the study of molecular vibrations and molecular structure. Information about the structure and symmetry of molecules, as well as about their vibrational energies can be obtained to a reasonable degree of satisfaction from their infrared and Raman vibrational spectra. The body of knowl- edqe of the vibrational infrared and Raman spectra of molecules is immense and is now so well organized and understood that it is found to be represented in any stan- dard upper level undergraduate curriculum in chemistry. The rotational energies of a molecule and quantitative details about its structure can only be obtained through the techniques of microwave, and high-resolution infrared and Raman spectroscopy of low pressure gases and vapors. The results of such investigations are of interest . not only to the academic scientists, but also to scientists and engineers who are active in applied fields of chemistry and physics, as well as the atmospheric sciences. This book deals with basic investigations of the Raman scattering of light by gases, with some attention also being given to liquid substances. After a brief in- troductory chapter that delineates the historical development of Raman spectroscopy of gases, high-resolution rotation-vibrational and pure rotational Raman spectros- copy is described in Chapters 2 and 3. The all-important intensity parameter, the Raman scattering cross section, is treated in Chapter 4, while the broadening of Raman lines due to the effects of intermolecular forces is taken up in Chapter 5.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52630309208337,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52630309929233,"sku":"NLS9783642812811","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642812811.jpg?v=1761779141"},{"product_id":"real-space-renormalization-book-tw-burkhardt-9783642818271","title":"Real-Space Renormalization","description":"With contributions by numerous experts","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52630322151697,"sku":"NLS9783642818271","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52761841402129,"sku":"NIN9783642818271","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642818271.jpg?v=1791949660"},{"product_id":"aerosol-microphysics-i-book-w-h-marlow-9783642814266","title":"Aerosol Microphysics I","description":"The suggestion by Dr. Franklin S. Harris, Jr., that these books be written arose pursuant to the editor's plaints that despite the implicitly or explicitly ack nowledged importance of both aerosols and particulate matter in innumerable domains of technology and human welfare, investigations of these subjects were generally not supported independently of the narrowest conceivable domains of their appli cations. Frank Harris, who has long been a contributor in one of the important domains of aerosol macrophysics, atmospheric optics, challenged the editor to elaborate his views. Ideally, they would have taken the form of a monograph; however, there is as yet an insufficient body of information to present a unified treatment. At the same time, substantial efforts are in progress in the component fields to hold the promise for the emergence of unifying elements which will even tually facilitate their presentation to be made with a high degree of integrity. There are numerous pertinent and systematic tie-ins between project-oriented aerosol work and basic physical investigations which are themselves quite closely akin to much classical and current work in physical science. The most significant aspect of these tie-ins is their potential for making substantial contributions to the functional needs of the applications areas while stimulating significant questions of basic physics. For this to be possible, it is necessary that the most relevant areas of physics be identified in such a manner as to make clear their re levance for aerosol-related studies and vice versa.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52634010157329,"sku":"NLS9783642814266","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642814266.jpg?v=1761866528"},{"product_id":"excitons-book-k-cho-9783642813702","title":"Excitons","description":"Contents: Cho, K.: Introduction. - Cho, K.: Internal Structure of Excitons. - Dean, P. J. \/--01Herbert, D. C.--02: Bound Excitons in --Semiconductors. - Fischer, B. \/Lagois, J.: Surface Exciton Polaritons. - Yu, P. Y.: Study of Excitons and Exciton-Phonon Interactions by Resonant Raman and Brillouin Spectroscopies.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52634011992337,"sku":"NLS9783642813702","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52932511858961,"sku":"NIN9783642813702","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642813702.jpg?v=1792013891"},{"product_id":"superconductivity-in-ternary-compounds-i-book-o-fischer-9783642818707","title":"Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I","description":"The structural. electronic and lattice properties of superconducting ternary com- pounds are the subject of this Topics volume. Its companion volume (Topics in Cur- rent Physics. Volume 34) deals primarily with the mutual interaction of supercon- ductivity and magnetism in ternary compounds. These two volumes are the culmination of a project. started nearly two years ago. that was inspired by the intense re- search effort. both experimental and theoretical. then being expended to explore and develop an understanding of the remarkable physical properties of ternary super- conductors. Research activity on this subject has increased in the meantime. The interest in ternary superconductors originated in 1972. when B.T. Matthias and his co-workers first discovered superconductivity in several ternary molybdenum sulfide compounds that had been synthesized in 1971 by R. Chevrel. M. Sergent. and J. Prigent. The superconducting critical temperature Tc of one of the compounds. PbMo S - was reported to be 15 K. This value is sufficiently high that there was g 6 (and still is) reason to expect that other ternary compounds would be found with superconducting transition temperatures rivaling those of the A15 compounds. of which Nb Ge has the record high Tc of 23 K. The interest in ternary superconductors 3 received further impetus when several of the ternary molybdenum sulfides were found to have exceptionally high upper critical magnetic fields. some of them in the neighborhood of 50 Tesla or more. An immense amount of research on ternary molybdenum chalcogenides then followed.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52634011959569,"sku":"NLS9783642818707","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642818707.jpg?v=1791963200"},{"product_id":"microscopic-methods-in-metals-book-ulrich-gonser-9783642465734","title":"Microscopic Methods in Metals","description":"Methods of scientific investigation can be divided into two categories: they are either macroscopic or microscopic in nature. The former are generally older, classical methods where the sample as a whole is studied and various local prop- erties are deduced by differentiation. The microscopic methods, on the other hand, have been discovered and developed more recently, and they operate for the most part on an atomistic scale. Glancing through the shelves of books on the various scientific fields, and, in particular, on the field of physical metallurgy, we are surprised at how lit- tle consideration has been given to the microscopic methods. How these tools provide new insight and information is a question which so far has not at- tracted much attention. Similar observations can be made at scientific confer- ences, where the presentation of papers involving microscopic methods is often pushed into a far corner. This has led users of such methods to organize their own special conferences. The aim of this book is to bridge the present gap and encourage more interaction between the various fields of study and selected microscopic meth- ods, with special emphasis on their suitability for investigating metals. In each case the principles of the method are reviewed, the advantages and successes pointed out, but also the shortcomings and limitations indicated.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52634031259921,"sku":"NLS9783642465734","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642465734.jpg?v=1791985861"},{"product_id":"dissipative-systems-in-quantum-optics-book-qhf-vrehen-9783642817199","title":"Dissipative Systems in Quantum Optics","description":"In studying the radiation-matter interaction, one can take two different approaches. The first is typical of spectroscopy: one considers the interaction between radi- ation and a single atom, i. e., one studies those phenomena in which the presence of other atoms is irrelevant. The other attitude consists, in contrast, in studying those phenomena which arise just from the simultaneous presence of many atoms. In fact, all the atoms interact with the same electromagnetic field; under suitable conditions, this situation creates strong atom-atom correlations, which in turn give rise to a cooperative behavior of the system as a whole. Cooperative means that the overall behavior is quite different from the superposition of the effects arising from single atoms and is completely unpredictable if one neglects the coup- ling between the atoms induced by their common electromagnetic field. This book contains five complete and up-to-date contributions on the theory and experiments of three coherence effects in radiation-matter interaction: resonance fluorescences, optical bistability, and superfluorescence. They have raised in- creasing interest in recent years from both a fundamental and an applicative view- point. Even if their phenomenology appears completely different, these effects be- long in the same book because they are striking examples of open systems driven far from thermal equilibrium, as those considered in Haken's synergetics and in Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures. This aspect is discussed in the in- troducting chapter, in which we outline the basic physics and the essential features which unify these three effects.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52634049872145,"sku":"NLS9783642817199","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642817199.jpg?v=1792011270"},{"product_id":"coherent-nonlinear-optics-book-vs-letokhov-9783642814976","title":"Coherent Nonlinear Optics","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52634055541009,"sku":"NLS9783642814976","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642814976.jpg?v=1791910419"},{"product_id":"structure-and-collisions-of-ions-and-atoms-book-ia-sellin-9783642812125","title":"Structure and Collisions of Ions and Atoms","description":"The central subject of this volume is the atomic and molecular physics of heavy par- ticles as investigated with charged particle accelerators. The natural division be- tween atomic structure and ion-atom collision studies, and the similar division be- tween the theoretical and experimental branches of these subjects, are reflected in a parallel subdivision into corresponding chapters. In addition, one chapter is de- voted to the important interface between atomic and molecular physics with condensed matter physics. A principal aim of the present volume is to provide a compact de- scription of a number of current interests and trends within the heavy particle structure and collisions field in a sufficiently general, non-specialized way that interested scientists who wish to become acquainted with such interests and trends can do so without becoming bogged down in excessive archival detail. It is, therefore, hoped that the book will be of some use to advanced students who seek a general in- troduction to these subjects. Numerous, more specialized, archival review articles are frequently referred to in each chapter for the benefit of those who seek more detailed knowledge about particular topics discussed. The editor wishes to acknowledge the support of two U. S. government agencies: the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation, during the preparation of this volume. Sincere thanks are due Mrs. Betty Thoe for her excellent editorial work on the various manuscripts and Mrs.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52634081886481,"sku":"NLS9783642812125","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642812125.jpg?v=1791890721"},{"product_id":"beam-foil-spectroscopy-book-w-whaling-9783642810541","title":"Beam-Foil Spectroscopy","description":"The appreciable evolution of the nearly teenaged branch of atomic and molecular physics called beam foil spectroscopy is clearly depicted in the present volumes, which are devoted to publication of presentations at the Fourth International Conference on Beam Foil Spectroscopy and Heavy Ion Atomic Physics Symposium. The transition from childhood to adolescence parallels human experience in that diffusion of interests and interactions beyond the confines of the original family has most certainly occurred. The pre-occupation with techniques and their develop- ment has been largely replaced by interest in the physics of the widest possible array of atomic and molecular physics experiments, in which spectroscopic study (visible, UV, XUV, X-ray, electron) of collisional interactions of fast beams is the unifying theme. The description accelerator-based atomic physics is perhaps more representative of the subject today than is the original, beam-foil spectroscopy, since so many experiments have nothing to do with foils, and furthermore, employ spectroscopy mainly as an incidental tool. What, then distinguishes beam-foil spectro- scopy from overlapping fields of atomic collisions physics? In an era where the boundaries are becoming ever more diffuse, there can be no clear definition. A good functional definition was recently conceived by Peter Erman, under the salubrious stimulus of a large Tennessee bourbon: it is the tribal experience of the community of scientists who have banded together to develop the discipline over the past dozen years, as shared at the triennial conferences devoted to it.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52648456749329,"sku":"NLS9783642810541","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642810541.jpg?v=1786441372"},{"product_id":"theory-of-chemisorption-book-j-r-smith-9783642814334","title":"Theory of Chemisorption","description":"The theory of the chemical interaction of molecules with surfaces has advanced handsomely in the last few years. This is due in part to the application of the entire arsenal of bulk solid-state theory and molecular quantum chemistry methods. This considerable activity was stimulated by an outpouring of experimental data, particularly of photoemission spectra. In many cases the theoretical techniques are now such that accurate, atomistic pictures of chemisorption phenomena are computed from first principles. This level of capability has been reached only recently, and has not been described anywhere in a comprehensive manner. The purpose of this monograph is to review these recent advances and, at the same time, to indicate a number of important questions which have not been answered. We discuss chemisorption on oxides, semiconductors, and both simple and transition metals. Solid surfaces as well as clusters are considered. While the review should be valuable to workers in the field, care has been taken to make the chapters understandable to the nonspecialist.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52650529128721,"sku":"NLS9783642814334","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642814334.jpg?v=1786004085"},{"product_id":"inverse-scattering-problems-in-optics-book-hp-baltes-9783642814747","title":"Inverse Scattering Problems in Optics","description":"When, in the spring of 1979, H.P. Baltes presented me with the precursor of this vo 1 ume, the book on \"Inverse Source Problems in Opti cs\", I expressed my gratitude in a short note, 11hich in translation, reads: \"Dear Dr. Ba ltes, the mere titl e of your unexpected gift evokes memori es of a period, which, in the terminology of your own contribution, would be described as the Stone Age of the Inverse Problem. Those were pleasant times. Walter Kohn and I lived in a cave by ourselves, drew pictures on the walls, and nobody seemed to care. Now, however, Inversion has become an Industry, which I contemplate with as much bewilderment as a surviving Tasmanian aborigine gazing at a modern oil refinery with its towers, its fl ares, and the confus i ng maze of its tubes.\" The present volume makes me feel even more aboriginal - impossible for me to fathom its content. What I can point out, however, is one of the forgotten origins of the Inverse Scattering Problem of Quantum Mechanics: Werner Heisenberg's \"S-Matrix Theory\" of 1943. This grandiose scheme had the purpose of eliminating the notion of the Hamiltonian in favour of the scattering operator. If Successful, it would have done away once and for all with any kind of inverse problem.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52650639655185,"sku":"NLS9783642814747","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642814747.jpg?v=1786441440"},{"product_id":"ocean-acoustics-book-ja-desanto-9783642812965","title":"Ocean Acoustics","description":"This Topics volume is devoted to a study of sound propagation in the ocean. The effect of the interior of the ocean on underwater sound is analogous to the effect of a lens on light. The oceanic lens is related, as in light propagation, to the index of refraction of the medium. The latter is giv","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52650678878481,"sku":"NLS9783642812965","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52932513038609,"sku":"NIN9783642812965","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642812965.jpg?v=1785983948"},{"product_id":"modern-three-hadron-physics-book-aw-thomas-9783642810725","title":"Modern Three-Hadron Physics","description":"The model calculations considered here test the DWBA with a wide range of three-body models. Each of the calculations, however, considers only one or two aspects of the accuracy of the DWBA. The lack of overlap of the testing parameters limits the con- clusions which can be drawn. This is particularly true with reference to the nucleon- core potential where comparable parameters are rarely used. In spite of this limitation, we may make a few observations about the sensitivity of the model cross sections and the mechanism which produces an accurate DWBA. Specifically we may summarize the most important results as follows: 1) In these models the exact DWBA at low energies (E","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655446163729,"sku":"NLS9783642810725","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642810725.jpg?v=1785945369"},{"product_id":"physics-of-superionic-conductors-book-mb-salamon-9783642813306","title":"Physics of Superionic Conductors","description":"Superionic conductors are solids whose ionic conductivities approach, and in some cases exceed, those of molten salts and electrolyte solutions. This implies an un- usual state of matter in which some atoms have nearly liquidlike mobility while others retain their regular crystalline arrangement. This liquid-solid duality has much appeal to condensed matter physicists, and the coincident development of powerful new methods for studying disordered solids and interest in superionic conductors for technical applications has resulted in a new surge of activity in this venerable field. It is the purpose of this book to summarize the current re- search in the physics of superionic conduction. with special emphasis on those aspects which set these materials apart from other solids. The volume is aimed to- wards the materials community and will, we expect, stimulate further research on these potentially useful substances. The usual characterization of the superionic phase lists high ionic conductivity; low activation energy; and the open structure of the crystal, with its interconne- ted network of vacant sites available to one ionic species. To these, as we demon- strate in this volume, should be added important dynami and collective effect: the absence of well-defined optical lattice modes, the presence of a pervasive, low-energy excitation, an infrared peak in the frequency-dependent conductivity, unusual NMR prefactors, phase transitions, and a strong tendency for the mobile ion to be found between allowed sites.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52655452619025,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655452946705,"sku":"NLS9783642813306","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642813306.jpg?v=1792020758"},{"product_id":"structure-and-dynamics-of-surfaces-i-book-w-schommers-9783642465765","title":"Structure and Dynamics of Surfaces I","description":"During the last decade, surface research has clearly shifted its interest from the macroscopic to the microscopic scale; a wealth of novel experimental techniques and theoretical methods have been applied and developed successfully. The Topics volume at hand gives an account of this tendency. For the understanding of surface phenomena and their exploitation in tech nical applications, the theoretical and experimental analysis at the microscopic level is of particular interest. In heterogeneous catalysis, for example, a chemical reaction takes place at the interface of two phases, and the process occurring at the surface is composed of a sequence of individual microscopic steps. These individual steps include adsorption, desorption, surface diffusion, and reaction on the surface. These elementary steps are greatly influenced by the structure and the dynamics of the surface region. Especially the catalytic activity may strongly depend on the structure of the catalyst's surface. The necessity of per forming surface investigations on a microscopic scale is also reflected clearly in research work relating to metal-semiconductor interfaces which determine es sentially the properties of electronic device materials. The experimental probe on the atomic scale, coupled with parallel theoretical calculations, showed that the electronic properties of a metal-semiconductor interface strongly depend on the crystallographic structure of the semiconductor; in particular, it is im portant to know in this context the modification of the atomic arrangement in the surface region caused by the termination of the crystal by the surface.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52655465562385,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655466152209,"sku":"NLS9783642465765","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642465765.jpg?v=1786443385"},{"product_id":"hyperfine-interactions-of-radioactive-nuclei-book-j-christiansen-9783642819711","title":"Hyperfine Interactions of Radioactive Nuclei","description":"With contributions by numerous experts","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52655535227153,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655535685905,"sku":"NLS9783642819711","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642819711.jpg?v=1786443220"},{"product_id":"molecular-collision-dynamics-book-m-baer-9783642819452","title":"Molecular Collision Dynamics","description":"This monograph covers a broad spectrum of topics in the very broad field of gas phase molecular collision dynamics. The Introduction previews each of the four fol- lowing topics and attempts to sew them together with a common thread. In addition, a brief review of quantum reactive scattering is given there along with some gen- eral remarks which highlight the difficulties in doing quantum reactive scatter- ing calculations. The chapters are all written by theoreticians who are, of course, experts in the subjects they have written about. Three chapters, the ones by Secrest, Schatz, and the one by Schinke and Bowman deal with non-reactive atom-molecule scattering. Col- lectively, they describe nearly the full breadth of scattering methods in use to- day, from fully quantum mechanical to semiclassical and quasiclassical. The chapter by Baer is the only one dealing with quantum reactive scattering with the additional complexity of the coupling of two potential energy surfaces. The one simplifying feature of the treatment is that the reaction is constrained to be collinear. Overall, this monograph is mainly a review of the recent advances in the field of molecular collision dynamics, with, however, a considerable amount of new material. It is hoped that workers and students in the field will find reading the mono- graph both enlightening and enjoyable.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655641166097,"sku":"NLS9783642819452","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642819452.jpg?v=1786441650"},{"product_id":"positrons-in-solids-book-p-hautojrvi-9783642813184","title":"Positrons in Solids","description":"In condensed matter initially fast positrons annihilate after having reached equi- librium with the surroundings. The interaction of positrons with matter is governed by the laws of ordinary quantum mechanics. Field theory and antiparticle properties enter only in the annihilation process leading to the emergence of energetic photons. The monitoring of annihilation radiation by nuclear spectroscopic methods provides valuable information on the electron-positron system which can directly be related to the electronic structure of the medium. Since the positron is a positive electron its behavior in matter is especially interesting to solid-state and atomic physi- cists. The small mass quarantees that the positron is really a quantum mechanical particle and completely different from any other particles and atoms. Positron physics started about 25 years ago but discoveries of new features in its interac- tion with matter have maintained continuous interest and increasing activity in the field. Nowadays it is becoming part of the stock-in-trade of experimental physics.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655651356945,"sku":"NLS9783642813184","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642813184.jpg?v=1762221495"},{"product_id":"neutron-diffraction-book-h-dachs-9783642812385","title":"Neutron Diffraction","description":"Since the great discovery made by Laue, x-ray diffraction has become the most im- portant method for the investigation of atomic structure in condensed matter. Cer- tain investigations, however, are difficult or totally impossible to conduct using x-rays, for example, the localization of atomic nuclei or atoms having only a few core electrons, and the observation of magnetic moments. The investigation of these important areas is made possible by neutron diffraction. Thus this method has devel- oped into an important supplement to x-ray investigations. An ever-increasing de- mand is put on the method by research areas, old and new. Neutron diffraction has completely reformed the subject of solid-state magnetism; especially the area of chemical binding has received a new impetus by the union of x-ray and neutron dif- fraction. An exchange of different isotopes of the same element gives rise, as a rule, to a change in the strength of the neutron diffraction. Due to this effect itls possible, by means of deuteration, to make visible a single chain in a solid high polymer. Thus neutron small-angle scattering is important in protein research and for the biology of macromolecules. Of equal importance is the application of neu: ron diffraction in metallurgy. There already exist several excellent books which discuss the results obtained by neans of neutron diffraction.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52655661973777,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655662563601,"sku":"NLS9783642812385","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642812385.jpg?v=1786441352"},{"product_id":"amorphous-solids-book-william-a-phillips-9783642815362","title":"Amorphous Solids","description":"It is now ten years since it was first convincingly shown that below 1 K the ther- mal conductivity and the heat capacity of amorphous solids behave in a way which is strikingly different to that of crystalline solids. Since that time there has been a wide variety of experimental and theoretical studies which have not only defined and clarified the low temperature problem more closely, but have also linked these differences between amorphous and crystalline solids to those suggested by older acoustic and thermal experiments (extending up to 100 K). The interest in this somewhat restricted branch of physics lies to a considerable extent in the fact that the differences were so unexpected. It might be thought that as the tempera- ture, probing frequency, or more generally the energy decreases, a continuum de- scription in which structural differences between glass and crystal are concealed should become more accurate. In a sense this is true, but it appears that there exists in an amorphous solid a large density of additional excitations which have no counterpart in normal crystals. This book presents a survey of the wide range of experimental investigations of these low energy excitations, together with a re- view of the various theoretical models put forward to explain their existence and nature.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52655809102097,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655809560849,"sku":"NLS9783642815362","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642815362.jpg?v=1786441827"},{"product_id":"structural-phase-transitions-i-book-h-thomas-9783642815331","title":"Structural Phase Transitions I","description":"The growth and maturity of research in structural phase transitions (SPT) make it an appropriate subject for the Topics in Current Physics series. The maturing pro- cess is, however, by no means complete. New areas such as incommensurable SPT, quasi-low-dimensional systems, systems containing lattice disorder due to impuri- ties or as mixed crystals, multicritical points, and quantum effects have recently come under focus. The understanding of the dynamics, be it microscopic soft-mode theory or critical dynamics, more specifically the central-peak problem, is also still quite incomplete. On the other hand, there are areas which are genuinely conso 1 ida ted. On the theoreti ca 1 s ide these concern symmetry properti es, Landau theory, and the application of static renormalization theory to critical phenomena., Also, the use of various complementary experimental techniques, with their specific merits, are well in hand. The field of STP's and of the various methods of investigation range so widely that it appeared appropriate to invite a number of scientists to review their respective areas of experti se to which they have made s i gnifi cant contri butions.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52655888433425,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655888924945,"sku":"NLS9783642815331","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642815331.jpg?v=1786442654"},{"product_id":"stratospheric-aerosol-layer-book-rc-whitten-9783642817595","title":"The Stratospheric Aerosol Layer","description":"It is now a quarter of a century since Junge and his coworkers recovered the first sample from the sulfate aerosol layer in the stratosphere. Since that time vast strides have been made in determining its physical properties and morphology. These investigations have been performed with instruments on board aircraft and balloon platforms as in the early days, with ground-based lidar (optical radar), and most recently with satellite-borne optical instruments. It will become evident in Chapter 2 that in situ measurements by aircI'aft and, balloon sensors complement rather than duplicate the remote techniques (lidar and satellite). Hence future programs will probably continue to utilize direct as well as indirect experimental techniques. Concurrently, with the observations of the gross properties of the aerosol layer, la oratory and theoretical studies have sought to elucidate the chemical and micro physical processes which influence the formation and growth of the aerosol par ticles. The laboratory investigations have included studies of gas phase chemistry, and particle nucleation and growth mechanisms. Theoretical studies have revolved mainly around a series of models developed by atmospheric scientists. The earliest of these models was constructed by Junge and his colleagues. With the advent of third- and fourth-generation computers, the capacity to solve the quite complex continuity equations whi h govern particle formation, growth, and removal has ad vanced to the point where most of the particle properties can be simulated with reasonable confidence.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52655939518737,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52655940010257,"sku":"NLS9783642817595","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642817595.jpg?v=1791969895"},{"product_id":"solitons-book-rk-bullough-9783642814501","title":"Solitons","description":"Until the beginning of this decade the number of significant exactly soluble problems in physics was limited to a very few: the classical or quanti sed harmonic oscillator, the linearised many-body problem, the quanti sed hydrogen atom, Newton's solution of the planetary orbit problem, Onsager's solution of the two-dimensional Ising problem, almost exhaust the list. Now the situation is quite different. We have a large number of exactly soluble nonlinear systems of physical significance and the number of these is growing steadily. Recent examples include a limited solution of Ein- stein's field equations!, an apparently exact solution of the quantised sine-Gordon 2 equation u - U = sin(u) which establishes connections with the Ising models , xx tt 3 and a solution of the equations of motion of a rigid body in g dimensions . This book is concerned with problems such as these. But more specifically it is concerned with solitons. These mathematical objects are exact, analytical, solutions of nonlinear wave or evolution equations like the sine-Gordon equation (s-G) or the Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) u + 6uu + u = O. The discovery by Gardner, t x xxx .","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52656216310033,"sku":"NLS9783642814501","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642814501.jpg?v=1785999391"},{"product_id":"electromagnetic-theory-of-gratings-book-r-petit-9783642815027","title":"Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings","description":"When I was a student, in the early fifties, the properties of gratings were generally explained according to the scalar theory of optics. The grating formula (which pre- dicts the diffraction angles for a given angle of incidence) was established, exper- imentally verified, and intensively used as a source for textbook problems. Indeed those grating properties, we can call optical properties, were taught'in a satisfac- tory manner and the students were able to clearly understand the diffraction and dispersion of light by gratings. On the other hand, little was said about the energy properties, i. e., about the prediction of efficiencies. Of course, the existence of the blaze effect was pointed out, but very frequently nothing else was taught about the efficiency curves. At most a good student had to know that, for an eche- lette grating, the efficiency in a given order can approach unity insofar as the diffracted wave vector can be deduced from the incident one by a specular reflexion on the large facet. Actually this rule of thumb was generally sufficient to make good use of the optical gratings available about thirty years ago. Thanks to the spectacular improvements in grating manufacture after the end of the second world war, it became possible to obtain very good gratings with more and more lines per mm. Nowadays, in gratings used in the visible region, a spacing small- er than half a micron is common.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52656367272209,"sku":"NLS9783642815027","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52932513235217,"sku":"NIN9783642815027","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642815027.jpg?v=1792004670"},{"product_id":"structural-phase-transitions-ii-book-harry-thomas-9783662101155","title":"Structural Phase Transitions II","description":"\u003cb\u003eStructural Phase Transitions II\u003c\/b\u003e, like its predecessor (Topics in Current Physics, Vol. 23), presents selected methods and recent advances in the experimental investigation of phase transitions in solids. The two chapters in this volume deal with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and with nuclear magnetic and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NMR-NQR). Both techniques are particularly sensitive to local properties. The chapter on EPR concentrates largely on the investigation of static properties, including mean-field behaviour, critical and multicritical phenomena, whilst NMR is shown to be a powerful tool for studying nonlinear dynamics, incommensurate transitions, and disordered systems. This book will serve as an excellent introduction to the methodology and applications of EPR and NMR-NQR for all those wishing to become acquainted with these important tools for studying structural phase transitions.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52661982757137,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52661983543569,"sku":"NLS9783662101155","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783662101155.jpg?v=1786443073"},{"product_id":"superconductivity-in-ternary-compounds-ii-book-merrill-b-maple-9780387118147","title":"Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52664514511121,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52664515035409,"sku":"NLS9780387118147","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780387118147.jpg?v=1792009788"},{"product_id":"mossbauer-spectroscopy-ii-book-u-gonser-9783662088692","title":"Mössbauer Spectroscopy II","description":"Some newly discovered effects lose their glamor after a short period of euphoria. Others, however, retain their fascination for a long time and, even as they mature, display unexpected features. The Mossbauer effect belongs to the second category. Rudolf Mossbauer's discovery of recoilless gamma-ray emission in 1957 immediately caused a flurry of attention, and confirming work appeared almost at once. Since then the flow of publications has steadily increased. Most studies follow predict- abl e paths; the essential aspects of these conventional experiments have been described in the first volume of the present work (Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 5). These straightforward investigations have not, however, exhausted the field, boredom has not set in, and unexpected applications continue to appear. In the present volume, Uli Gonser has collected contributions that display the exotic side of the Mossbauer effect. They range from a masterly de- scription of the red-shift experiment to a clear exposition of a powerful solution to the old and painful phase problem in crystallography. Each of the contributions exhibits a different side of recoilless gamma-ray emission. Together they show that the field is very much alive and continues to delight us with elegant solutions to old problems, unanticipated glimpses at new phenomena, clever uses of new technical possibilities, and ingenious applications to fields far away from physics. I believe that novel features of the Mossbauer effect will continue to appear and that new applications will still be found.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52668800762129,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52668801646865,"sku":"NLS9783662088692","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783662088692.jpg?v=1786701045"},{"product_id":"nonequilibrium-vibrational-kinetics-book-mario-capitelli-9783642486173","title":"Nonequilibrium Vibrational Kinetics","description":"This book is devoted to the systematic treatment of nonequi 1 ibrium vibrational kinetics in molecular systems. Particular emphasis is given to the vibrational excitation of diatomic molecules by low-energy electrons in a discharge and by IR photons in laser-pumped systems. The book follows the different steps of the introduction, redistribution, loss, and chemical conversion of the vibrational quanta, from the points of view of the overall kinetics and the dynamics of elementary processes. These two aspects are balanced in a multidisciplinary approach. The different chapters give the basic instruments (theoretical and experimental) which are needed to understand the ki- netics of nonequilibrium systems. The book will introduce the reader to different areas such as plasmachemistry, laser chemistry, IR and Raman spectroscopy, and relaxation phenomena, emphasizing how the vibrational energy affects such research fields. The chapters dedicated to collisional dynamics involving vibrational excited molecules provide an introduc- tion to the modern techniques uti 1 ized in the scattering theory of inelastic and reactive collisions. The extension of the vibrational kinetics to polyatomic mole- cules, discussed in Chap. 10, is the natural bridge between coll ision and coll i- sionless regimes. In conclusion, we hope that the approach followed in this book will stimulate the collaboration of researchers coming from different research fields, which are too often completely separate.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52672027885841,"sku":"NLS9783642486173","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783642486173.jpg?v=1791898686"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.worldofbooks.com\/collections\/topics-in-current-physics-book-series.oembed","provider":"World of Books ","version":"1.0","type":"link"}