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Time and again from the seventeenth century observers predicted the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, yet it outlived its rivals. As late as 1910 it straddled three continents. This book offers a fascinating overview of the Ottoman Empire's decline from the failure to take Vienna in 1683 to the abolition of the Sultanate in 1922 by Mustafa Kemall, after a revolutionary upsurge of Turkish national pride. The narrative deals with constantly recurring problems and also gives special emphasis to the challenges of the early twentieth century, when railways and oilfields gave new importance to Ottoman lands in the Middle East. Recent events have put the issues that troubled the later Sultans back on the world agenda. Names like Basra and Mosul again make the headlines. We read of the Kurdish struggle for survival, of Armenian aspirations for independence and of the Muslim character of Sarajevo in what was once Yugoslavia. 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Distinguished biographer and historian of modern Europe Alan Palmer tells the story of the war in Flanders as a conflict that has left a deep social and political mark on the history of Europe. Denying Germany possession of the historic town of Ypres and access to the Channel coast was crucial to Britain's victory in 1918. But though Flanders battlefields are the closest on the continent to English shores, this was always much more than a narrowly British conflict. Passchendaele, the Menin Road, Hill 60 and the Messines Ridge remain names etched in folk memory. Militarily and tactically the four-year long campaign was innovative and a grim testing ground with constantly changing ideas of strategy and disputes between politicians and generals. 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