List of Illustrations xv
List of Tables xix
Preface to the Third Edition xxi
Preface to the Second Edition xxv
Preface to the First Edition xxix
Part I Foundations of Systems Engineering 1
1 Systems Engineering and the World of Modern Systems 3
1.1 What is Systems Engineering? 3
1.2 The Systems Engineering Landscape 5
1.3 Systems Engineering Viewpoint 9
1.4 Perspectives of Systems Engineering 12
1.5 Examples of Systems Requiring Systems Engineering 16
1.6 Systems Engineering Activities and Products 20
1.7 Systems Engineering as a Profession 20
1.8 Systems Engineer Career Development Model 24
1.9 Summary 27
Problems 29
References 30
Further Reading 30
2 Structure of Complex Systems 33
2.1 System Elements and Interfaces 33
2.2 Hierarchy of Complex Systems 34
2.3 System Building Blocks 38
2.4 The System Environment 43
2.5 Interfaces and Interactions 51
2.6 Complexity in Modern Systems 54
2.7 Summary 57
Problems 58
Reference 59
Further Reading 60
3 The System Development Process 61
3.1 Systems Engineering Through the System Life Cycle 61
3.2 System Life Cycle 62
3.3 Evolutionary Characteristics of the Development Process 74
3.4 The Systems Engineering Method 81
3.5 Testing Throughout System Development 94
3.6 Summary 96
Problems 98
Reference 99
Further Reading 99
4 Systems Engineering Management 101
4.1 Managing System Development 101
4.2 Work Breakdown Structure 103
4.3 Systems Engineering Management Plan 108
4.4 Organization of Systems Engineering 111
4.5 Summary 115
Problems 116
Further Reading 116
Part II Concept Development Stage 119
5 Needs Analysis 121
5.1 Originating a New System 121
5.2 Systems Thinking 130
5.3 Operations Analysis 132
5.4 Feasibility Definition 143
5.5 Needs Validation 145
5.6 Summary 149
Problems 150
References 151
Further Reading 151
6 Requirements Analysis 153
6.1 Developing the System Requirements 153
6.2 Requirements Development and Sources 157
6.3 Requirements Features and Attributes 160
6.4 Requirements Development Process 163
6.5 Requirements Hierarchy 167
6.6 Requirements Metrics 175
6.7 Requirements Verification and Validation 177
6.8 Requirements Development: TSE vs. Agile 179
6.9 Summary 179
Problems 181
Further Reading 181
7 Functional Analysis 183
7.1 Selecting the System Concept 183
7.2 Functional Analysis and Formulation 188
7.3 Functional Allocation 194
7.4 Functional Analysis Products 197
7.5 Traceability to Requirements 202
7.6 Concept Development Space 204
7.7 Summary 206
Problems 207
Further Reading 208
8 Evaluation and Selection 209
8.1 Evaluating and Selecting the System Concept 209
8.2 Alternatives Analysis 210
8.3 Operations Research Techniques 214
8.4 Economics and Affordability 218
8.5 Events and Decisions for Consideration 222
8.6 Alternative Concept Development and Concept Selection 224
8.7 Concept Validation 229
8.8 Traditional vs. Agile SE Approach to Concept Evaluation 230
8.9 Summary 231
Problems 233
References 234
Further Reading 234
9 Systems Architecting 235
9.1 Architecture Introduction 235
9.2 Types of Architecture 236
9.3 Architecture Frameworks 241
9.4 Architectural Views 244
9.5 Architecture Development 246
9.6 Architecture Traceability 247
9.7 Architecture Validation 248
9.8 Summary 249
Problems 251
Further Reading 251
10 Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) 253
10.1 MBSE Introduction 253
10.2 MBSE Languages 259
10.3 MBSE Tools 260
10.4 MBSE Used in the SE Life Cycle 262
10.5 Examples 263
10.6 Summary 267
Problems 272
References 273
Further Reading 273
11 Decision Analysis and Support 275
11.1 Decision Making 276
11.2 Modeling Throughout System Development 282
11.3 Modeling for Decisions 282
11.4 Simulation 287
11.5 Trade-Off Analysis 296
11.6 Evaluation Methods 313
11.7 Summary 321
Problems 324
References 324
Further Reading 325
12 Risk Management 327
12.1 Risk Management in the SE Life Cycle 327
12.2 Risk Management 328
12.3 Risk Traceability/Allocation 337
12.4 Risk Analysis Techniques 338
12.5 Summary 345
Problems 346
Reference 346
Further Reading 347
Part III Engineering Development Phase 349
13 Advanced Development 351
13.1 Reducing Uncertainties 351
13.2 Requirements Analysis 356
13.3 Functional Analysis and Design 361
13.4 Prototype Development as a Risk Mitigation Technique 367
13.5 Development Testing 376
13.6 Risk Reduction 385
13.7 Summary 387
Problems 388
References 390
Further Reading 391
14 Software Systems Engineering 393
14.1 Components of Software 394
14.2 Coping with Complexity and Abstraction 394
14.3 Nature of Software Development 398
14.4 Software Development Life Cycle Models 403
14.5 Software Concept Development: Analysis and Design 412
14.6 Software Engineering Development: Coding and Unit Test 424
14.7 Software Integration and Test 432
14.8 Software Engineering Management 435
14.9 Summary 442
Problems 445
References 446
Further Reading 446
15 Engineering Design 449
15.1 Implementing the System Building Blocks 449
15.2 Requirements Analysis 454
15.3 Functional Analysis and Design 456
15.4 Component Design 460
15.5 Design Validation 473
15.6 Configuration Management 478
15.7 Summary 481
Problems 483
Further Reading 483
16 Systems Integration 485
16.1 Integrating the Total System 485
16.2 System Integration Hierarchy 488
16.3 Types of Integration 492
16.4 Integration Planning 494
16.5 Integration Facilities 494
16.6 Summary 496
Problems 497
References 498
Further Reading 498
17 Test and Evaluation 499
17.1 Testing and Evaluating the Total System 499
17.2 Developmental System Testing 509
17.3 Operational Test and Evaluation 515
17.4 Human Factors Testing 523
17.5 Test Planning and Preparation 524
17.6 Test Traceability 529
17.7 System of Systems Testing 529
17.8 Summary 530
Problems 533
References 534
Further Reading 534
Part IV Post-Development Stage 537
18 Production 539
18.1 Systems Engineering in the Factory 539
18.2 Engineering for Production 541
18.3 Transition from Development to Production 545
18.4 Production Operations 549
18.5 Acquiring a Production Knowledge Base 554
18.6 Summary 557
Problems 559
References 560
Further Reading 560
19 Operation and Support 561
19.1 Installing, Maintaining, and Upgrading the System 561
19.2 Installation and Test 564
19.3 In-Service Support 569
19.4 Major System Upgrades: Modernization 573
19.5 Operational Factors in System Development 577
19.6 Summary 580
Problems 581
Reference 582
Further Reading 582
20 System of Systems Engineering 583
20.1 System of Systems Engineering 583
20.2 Differences Between SOS and TSE 584
20.3 Types of SOS 587
20.4 Attributes of SOS 590
20.5 Challenges to System of Systems Engineering 591
20.6 Summary 593
Problems 595
References 595
Further Reading 596
Part V Systems Domains 597
21 Enterprise Systems Engineering 599
21.1 Enterprise Systems Engineering 599
21.2 Definitions of Enterprise Systems Engineering 600
21.3 Processes and Components of Enterprise Systems Engineering 603
21.4 Enterprise Systems Engineering Applications to Domains 605
21.5 Challenges to Enterprise Systems Engineering 606
21.6 Summary 607
Problems 607
References 608
Further Reading 609
22 Systems Security Engineering 611
22.1 Systems Security Engineering 611
22.2 Types of Security 613
22.3 Security Applications to Systems Engineering 616
22.4 Security Applications to Domains 619
22.5 Security Validation and Analysis 621
22.6 Summary 621
Problems 623
Further Reading 624
23 The Future of Systems Engineering 627
23.1 Introduction and Motivation 627
23.2 Areas to Apply the Systems Engineering Approach 630
23.3 Education for the Future Systems Engineer 632
23.4 Concluding Remarks 634
23.5 Summary 635
Problems 636
Further Reading 636
Index 639
Wiley Series in Systems Engineering and Management 000
