Programmable controllers are the most widespread element of industrial automation to be found in use today. The resulting lowering of prices has in turn produced a reluctance on the part of the manufacturer to provide training, and for the newcomer programming can be a daunting task. This book covers the main European controllers in a simple style, assuming no knowledge of computers or electronics. Programming is illustrated using the LADDER format, one of the UK preferred user formats for programming because of the ease of reading, reference to other material and, as a result, more manageable troubleshooting.