Preface. Acknowledgements. Advice to Readers and Format of the Volume. Part I: Knowledge and Certainty: 1. Innate Knowledge: Plato, Meno. 2. Knowledge versus Opinion: Plato, Republic. 3. Demonstrative Knowledge and its Starting-points: Aristotle, Posterior Analytics. 4. New Foundations for Knowledge: RenU Descartes, Meditations. 5. The Senses as the Basis of Knowledge: John Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding. 6. Innate Knowledge Defended: Gottfried Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding. 7. Scepticism versus Human Nature: David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. 8. Experience and Understanding: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. 9. From Sense-certainty to Self-consciousness: Georg Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit. 10. Against Scepticism: G. E. Moore, A Defence of Common Sense. Specimen Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part II: Being and Reality: 11. The Allegory of the Cave: Plato, Republic. 12. Individual Substance: Aristotle, Categories. 13. Supreme Being and Created Things: RenU Descartes, Principles of Philosophy. 14. Qualities and Ideas: John Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding. 15. Substance, Life and Activity: Gottfried Leibniz, New System. 16. Nothing Outside the Mind: George Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge. 17. The Limits of Metaphysical Speculation: David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. 18. Metaphysics, Old and New: Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena. 19. Being and Involvement: Martin Heidegger, Being and Time. 20. The End of Metaphysics?: Rudolf Carnap, The Elimination of Metaphysics. Specimin Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part III: Mind and Body: 21. The Immortal Soul: Plato, Phaedo. 22. Soul and Body, Form and Master: Aristotle, De Anima. 23. The Human Soul: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae. 24. The Incorporeal Mind: RenU Descartes, Meditations. 25. The Identity of Mind and Body: Benedict Spinoza, Ethics. 26. Mind-Body Correlations: Nicolas Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics. 27. Body and Mind as Manifestations of Will: Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea. 28. The Problem of Other Minds: John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy. 29. The Hallmarks of Mental Phenomena: Franz Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. 30. The Myth of the 'Ghost in the Machine': Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind. Specimen Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part IV: The Self and Freedom: The Self: 31. The Self and Consciousness: John Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding. 32. The Self as Primitive Concept: Joseph Butler, Of Personal Identity. 33. The Self as Bundle: David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature. 34. The Partly Hidden Self: Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. 35. Liberation from the Self: Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons. Freedom: 36. Human Freedom and Divine Providence: Augustine of Hippo, The City of God. 37. Freedom to Do What We Want: Thomas Hobbes, Liberty, Necessity and Chance. 38. Absolute Determinism: Pierre Simon de Laplace, Philosophical Essay on Probability. 39. Condemned to be Free: Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness. 40. Determination and Our Attitudes to Others: Peter Strawson, Freedom and Resentment. Specimen Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part V: God and Religion: 41. The Existence of God: Anselm of Canterbury, Proslogion. 42. The Five Proofs of God: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae. 43. God and the Idea of Perfection: RenU Descartes, Meditations. 44. The Wager: Blaise Pascal, PensUes. 45. The Problem of Evil: Gottfried Leibniz, Theodicy. 46. The Argument from Design: David Hume, Dialogues concerning Natural Religion. 47. Against Miracles: David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. 48. Faith and Subjectivity: S ren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript. 49. Reason, Passion and the Religious Hypothesis: William James, The Will to Believe. 50. The Meaning of Religious Language: John Wisdom, Gods. Specimen Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part VI: Science and Method: 51. Four Types of Explanation: Aristotle, Physics. 52. Experimental Methods and True Causes: Francis Bacon, Novum Organum. 53. Mathematical Science and the Control of Nature: RenU Descartes, Discourse on the Method. 54. The Limits of Scientific Explanation: George Berkeley, On Motion. 55. The Problem of Induction: David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. 56. The Relation between Cause and Effect: David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. 57. Causality and Our Experience of Events: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. 58. The Uniformity of Nature: John Stuart Mill, System of Logic. 59. Science and Falsifiability: Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations. 60. Change and Crisis in Science: Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Specimen Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part VII: Morality and the Good Life. 61. Morality and Happiness: Plato, Republic. 62. Ethical Virtue: Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics. 63. Virtue, Reason and the Passions: Benedict Spinoza, Ethics. 64. Human Feeling as the Source of Ethics: David Hume, Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals. 65. Duty and Reason as the Ultimate Principle: Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. 66. Happiness as the Foundation of Morality: John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism. 67. Utility and Common-sense Morality: Henry Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics. 68. Against Conventional Morality: Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil. 69. Duty and Intuition: W. D. Ross, The Right and the Good. 70. Rational Choice and Fairness: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice. Specimen Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part VIII: Problems in Ethics: 71. Inequality, Freedom and Slavery: Aristotle, Politics. 72. War and Justice: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae. 73. Ending Life: David Hume, On Suicide. 74. Gender, Liberty and Equality: Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women. 75. Partiality and Favouritism: William Godwin, Enquiry concerning Political Justice. 76. The Status of Non-human Animals: Immanuel Kant, Lectures on Ethics. 77. The Purpose of Punishment: Jeremy Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation. 78. Our Relationship to the Environment: Aldo Leopold, The Land Ethic. 79. Abortion and Rights: Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion. 80. The Relief of Global Suffering: Peter Singer, Famine, Affluence and Morality. Specimen Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part IX: Authority and the State: 81. Our Obligation to Respect the Laws of the State: Plato, Crito. 82. The Just Ruler: Thomas Aquinas, On Princely Government. 83. Sovereignty and Security: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan. 84. Consent and Political Obligation: John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government. 85. Against Contractarianism: David Hume, Of the Original Contract. 86. Society and the Individual: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract. 87. The Unified State - From Individual Desire to Rational Self-determination: Georg Hegel, The Philosophy of Right. 88. Property, Labour and Alienation: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology. 89. The Limits of Majority Rule: John Stuart Mill, On Liberty. 90. The Minimal State: Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia. Specimen Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Part X: Beauty and Art: 91. Art and Imitation: Plato, Republic. 92. The Nature and Function of Dramatic Art: Aristotle, Poetics. 93. The Idea of Beauty: Francis Hutcheson, Inquiry concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony, Design. 94. Aesthetic Appreciation: David Hume, Of the Standard of Taste. 95. The concept of the Beautiful: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement. 96. The Metaphysics of Beauty: Arthur Schopenhauer, On Aesthetics. 97. The Two Faces of Art: Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy. 98. The Value of Art: Leo Tolstoy, What is Art? 99. Imagination and Art: Jean-Paul Sartre, The Psychology of Imagination. 100. What is Aesthetics?: Ludwig Wittgenstein, Lectures on Aesthetics. Specimen Questions. Suggestions for Further Reading. Notes on the Philosophers. Index.
