Preface to the third edition 7
Acknowledgements to the third edition 7
Figure key 8
SI/mass unit conversions 9
Part 1 Acids, bases and pH
1 Acids, bases and hydrogen ions (protons) 10
2 Understanding pH 12
3 Production and removal of protons into and from the blood 14
4 Metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis 16
5 Respiratory alkalosis and respiratory acidosis 18
Part 2 Structure of amino acids and proteins
6 Amino acids and the primary structure of proteins 20
7 Secondary structure of proteins 22
8 Tertiary and quaternary structure and collagen 24
Part 3 Formation of ATP: oxidation and reduction reactions
9 Oxidation/reduction reactions, coenzymes and prosthetic groups 26
10 Anaerobic production of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, from phosphocreatine and by the adenylate kinase (myokinase) reaction 28
11 Aerobic production of ATP 30
12 Biosynthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation I 32
13 Biosynthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation II 34
14 What happens when protons or electrons leak from the respiratory chain? 36
15 Free radicals, reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage 38
16 Aerobic oxidation of glucose to provide energy as ATP 40
17 Anaerobic oxidation of glucose by glycolysis to form ATP and lactate 42
18 Anaerobic glycolysis in red blood cells, 2,3-BPG (2,3-DPG) and the Bohr effect 44
Part 4 Carbohydrates
19 Carbohydrates 46
20 Absorption of carbohydrates and metabolism of galactose 48
21 Fate of glucose in liver: glycogenesis and lipogenesis 50
22 Fructose metabolism 52
23 Glucose homeostasis 54
24 Glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin from -cells 56
25 Regulation of glycogen metabolism 58
26 Glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) and glycogen storage diseases 60
27 Insulin signal transduction and diabetes mellitus 62
28 Diabetes mellitus 64
29 Alcohol metabolism: hypoglycaemia, hyperlactataemia and steatosis 66
Part 5 Enzymes and regulation of pathways
30 Enzymes: nomenclature, kinetics and inhibitors 68
31 Regulation of enzyme activity 70
32 Regulation of glycolysis and Krebs cycle 72
33 Oxidation of fatty acids to produce ATP in muscle and ketone bodies in liver 74
34 Regulation of lipolysis, -oxidation, ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis 76
Part 6 Lipids and lipid metabolism
35 Structure of lipids 78
36 Phospholipids I: phospholipids and sphingolipids 80
37 Phospholipids II: micelles, liposomes, lipoproteins and membranes 82
38 Metabolism of carbohydrate to cholesterol 84
39 VLDL and LDL metabolism I: forward cholesterol transport 86
40 VLDL and LDL metabolism II: endogenous triacylglycerol transport 88
41 HDL metabolism: reverse cholesterol transport 90
42 Absorption and disposal of dietary triacylglycerols and cholesterol by chylomicrons 92
43 Steroid hormones: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens and oestrogens 94
Part 7 Metabolism of amino acids and porphyrins
44 Urea cycle and overview of amino acid catabolism 96
45 Non-essential and essential amino acids 98
46 Amino acid metabolism: to energy as ATP; to glucose and ketone bodies 100
47 Amino acid disorders: maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, cystinuria, alkaptonuria and albinism 102
48 Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism in health and disease 104
49 Products of tryptophan and histidine metabolism 106
50 Haem, bilirubin and porphyria 108
Part 8 Vitamins
51 Fat-soluble vitamins I: vitamins A and D 110
52 Fat-soluble vitamins II: vitamins E and K 112
53 Water-soluble vitamins I: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and pantothenate 114
54 Water-soluble vitamins II: pyridoxal phosphate (B6) 116
55 Water-soluble vitamins III: folate and vitamin B12 118
56 Water-soluble vitamins IV: biotin and vitamin C 120
Part 9 Molecular biology
57 The cell cycle 122
58 Pyrimidine metabolism 124
59 Purine metabolism 126
60 Structure of DNA 128
61 The central dogma of molecular biology 130
62 Organisation of DNA in chromosomes 132
63 Replication of DNA (part 1) 134
64 Replication of DNA (part 2) 136
65 DNA damage and repair 138
66 Transcription of DNA to make messenger RNA (part 1) 140
67 Transcription of DNA to make messenger RNA (part 2) 142
68 Transcription of DNA to make transfer RNA 144
69 Transcription of DNA to make ribosomal RNA 146
70 Translation and protein synthesis 148
71 Comparison of DNA replication, DNA transcription and protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes 150
Part 10 Diagnostic clinical biochemistry
72 Diagnostic clinical biochemistry (with Dr J. W. Wright FRCP, MRCPath) 152
Index 154
