Introduction xxxiii Assessment Test xlii Chapter 1 Security Governance Through Principles and Policies 1 Understand and Apply Concepts of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability 3 Confidentiality 4 Integrity 5 Availability 6 Other Security Concepts 8 Protection Mechanisms 12 Layering 12 Abstraction 12 Data Hiding 13 Encryption 13 Apply Security Governance Principles 13 Alignment of Security Function to Strategy, Goals, Mission, and Objectives 14 Organizational Processes 16 Security Roles and Responsibilities 22 Control Frameworks 23 Due Care and Due Diligence 24 Develop and Implement Documented Security Policy, Standards, Procedures, and Guidelines 25 Security Policies 25 Security Standards, Baselines, and Guidelines 26 Security Procedures 27 Understand and Apply Threat Modeling 28 Identifying Threats 30 Determining and Diagramming Potential Attacks 32 Performing Reduction Analysis 33 Prioritization and Response 34 Integrate Security Risk Considerations into Acquisition Strategy and Practice 35 Summary 36 Exam Essentials 38 Written Lab 41 Review Questions 42 Chapter 2 Personnel Security and Risk Management Concepts 47 Contribute to Personnel Security Policies 49 Employment Candidate Screening 52 Employment Agreements and Policies 53 Employment Termination Processes 54 Vendor, Consultant, and Contractor Controls 56 Compliance 57 Privacy 57 Security Governance 59 Understand and Apply Risk Management Concepts 60 Risk Terminology 61 Identify Threats and Vulnerabilities 63 Risk Assessment/Analysis 64 Risk Assignment/Acceptance 72 Countermeasure Selection and Assessment 73 Implementation 74 Types of Controls 75 Monitoring and Measurement 76 Asset Valuation 77 Continuous Improvement 78 Risk Frameworks 78 Establish and Manage Information Security Education, Training, and Awareness 81 Manage the Security Function 82 Summary 83 Exam Essentials 84 Written Lab 88 Review Questions 89 Chapter 3 Business Continuity Planning 93 Planning for Business Continuity 94 Project Scope and Planning 95 Business Organization Analysis 96 BCP Team Selection 96 Resource Requirements 98 Legal and Regulatory Requirements 100 Business Impact Assessment 101 Identify Priorities 101 Risk Identification 102 Likelihood Assessment 104 Impact Assessment 104 Resource Prioritization 106 Continuity Planning 107 Strategy Development 107 Provisions and Processes 108 Plan Approval 109 Plan Implementation 110 Training and Education 110 BCP Documentation 110 Continuity Planning Goals 111 Statement of Importance 111 Statement of Priorities 111 Statement of Organizational Responsibility 111 Statement of Urgency and Timing 112 Risk Assessment 112 Risk Acceptance/Mitigation 112 Vital Records Program 113 Emergency-Response Guidelines 113 Maintenance 114 Testing and Exercises 114 Summary 114 Exam Essentials 115 Written Lab 117 Review Questions 118 Chapter 4 Laws, Regulations, and Compliance 123 Categories of Laws 124 Criminal Law 124 Civil Law 126 Administrative Law 126 Laws 127 Computer Crime 127 Intellectual Property 132 Licensing 138 Import/Export 139 Privacy 139 Compliance 146 Contracting and Procurement 147 Summary 148 Exam Essentials 149 Written Lab 151 Review Questions 152 Chapter 5 Protecting Security of Assets 157 Classifying and Labeling Assets 158 Defining Sensitive Data 158 Defining Classifications 160 Defining Data Security Requirements 163 Understanding Data States 164 Managing Sensitive Data 165 Protecting Confidentiality with Cryptography 172 Identifying Data Roles 174 Data Owners 174 System Owners 175 Business/Mission Owners 176 Data Processors 176 Administrators 177 Custodians 178 Users 178 Protecting Privacy 178 Using Security Baselines 179 Scoping and Tailoring 180 Selecting Standards 180 Summary 181 Exam Essentials 182 Written Lab 183 Review Questions 184 Chapter 6 Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms 189 Historical Milestones in Cryptography 190 Caesar Cipher 190 American Civil War 191 Ultra vs. Enigma 192 Cryptographic Basics 192 Goals of Cryptography 192 Cryptography Concepts 194 Cryptographic Mathematics 196 Ciphers 201 Modern Cryptography 208 Cryptographic Keys 208 Symmetric Key Algorithms 209 Asymmetric Key Algorithms 210 Hashing Algorithms 213 Symmetric Cryptography 214 Data Encryption Standard 214 Triple DES 216 International Data Encryption Algorithm 217 Blowfish 217 Skipjack 217 Advanced Encryption Standard 218 Symmetric Key Management 219 Cryptographic Life Cycle 222 Summary 222 Exam Essentials 223 Written Lab 225 Review Questions 226 Chapter 7 PKI and Cryptographic Applications 231 Asymmetric Cryptography 232 Public and Private Keys 232 RSA 233 El Gamal 235 Elliptic Curve 235 Hash Functions 236 SHA 237 MD2 238 MD4 238 MD5 239 Digital Signatures 240 HMAC 241 Digital Signature Standard 242 Public Key Infrastructure 242 Certificates 243 Certificate Authorities 243 Certificate Generation and Destruction 245 Asymmetric Key Management 246 Applied Cryptography 247 Portable Devices 247 Email 248 Web Applications 249 Digital Rights Management 252 Networking 255 Cryptographic Attacks 258 Summary 261 Exam Essentials 261 Written Lab 264 Review Questions 265 Chapter 8 Principles of Security Models, Design, and Capabilities 269 Implement and Manage Engineering Processes Using Secure Design Principles 270 Objects and Subjects 271 Closed and Open Systems 271 Techniques for Ensuring Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability 272 Controls 274 Trust and Assurance 274 Understand the Fundamental Concepts of Security Models 275 Trusted Computing Base 276 State Machine Model 278 Information Flow Model 279 Noninterference Model 279 Take-Grant Model 280 Access Control Matrix 280 Bell-LaPadula Model 282 Biba Model 284 Clark-Wilson Model 286 Brewer and Nash Model (aka Chinese Wall) 287 Goguen-Meseguer Model 288 Sutherland Model 288 Graham-Denning Model 288 Select Controls and Countermeasures Based on Systems Security Evaluation Models 289 Rainbow Series 290 ITSEC Classes and Required Assurance and Functionality 295 Common Criteria 296 Industry and International Security Implementation Guidelines 299 Certification and Accreditation 300 Understand Security Capabilities of Information Systems 303 Memory Protection 303 Virtualization 303 Trusted Platform Module 303 Interfaces 304 Fault Tolerance 304 Summary 305 Exam Essentials 305 Written Lab 307 Review Questions 308 Chapter 9 Security Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures 313 Assess and Mitigate Security Vulnerabilities 314 Hardware 315 Input/Output Structures 335 Firmware 336 Client-Based 337 Applets 337 Local Caches 339 Server Based 341 Database Security 341 Aggregation 341 Inference 342 Data Mining and Data Warehousing 342 Data Analytics 343 Large-Scale Parallel Data Systems 344 Distributed Systems 344 Cloud Computing 346 Grid Computing 347 Peer to Peer 348 Industrial Control Systems 348 Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Web-Based Systems 349 Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Mobile Systems 350 Device Security 352 Application Security 355 BYOD Concerns 357 Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Embedded Devices and Cyber-Physical Systems 360 Examples of Embedded and Static Systems 360 Methods of Securing 362 Essential Security Protection Mechanisms 364 Technical Mechanisms 364 Security Policy and Computer Architecture 367 Policy Mechanisms 367 Common Architecture Flaws and Security Issues 369 Covert Channels 369 Attacks Based on Design or Coding Flaws and Security Issues 370 Programming 373 Timing, State Changes, and Communication Disconnects 373 Technology and Process Integration 374 Electromagnetic Radiation 374 Summary 375 Exam Essentials 376 Written Lab 379 Review Questions 380 Chapter 10 Physical Security Requirements 385 Apply Secure Principles to Site and Facility Design 386 Secure Facility Plan 387 Site Selection 387 Visibility 388 Natural Disasters 388 Facility Design 388 Design and Implement Physical Security 389 Equipment Failure 390 Wiring Closets 391 Server Rooms 393 Media Storage Facilities 394 Evidence Storage 395 Restricted and Work Area Security (e.g., Operations Centers) 395 Datacenter Security 396 Utilities and HVAC Considerations 399 Water Issues (e.g., Leakage, Flooding) 402 Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression 402 Implement and Manage Physical Security 407 Perimeter (e.g., Access Control and Monitoring) 407 Internal Security (e.g., Escort Requirements/Visitor Control, Keys, and Locks) 409 Summary 415 Exam Essentials 416 Written Lab 420 Review Questions 421 Chapter 11 Secure Network Architecture and Securing Network Components 425 OSI Model 426 History of the OSI Model 427 OSI Functionality 427 Encapsulation/Deencapsulation 428 OSI Layers 429 TCP/IP Model 437 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Overview 438 Converged Protocols 452 Content Distribution Networks 453 Wireless Networks 454 Securing Wireless Access Points 454 Securing the SSID 456 Conducting a Site Survey 457 Using Secure Encryption Protocols 458 Determining Antenna Placement 461 Antenna Types 461 Adjusting Power Level Controls 461 Using Captive Portals 462 General Wi-Fi Security Procedure 462 Secure Network Components 463 Network Access Control 464 Firewalls 465 Endpoint Security 469 Other Network Devices 469 Cabling, Wireless, Topology, and Communications Technology 473 Network Cabling 473 Network Topologies 477 Wireless Communications and Security 480 LAN Technologies 485 Summary 490 Exam Essentials 490 Written Lab 494 Review Questions 495 Chapter 12 Secure Communications and Network Attacks 499 Network and Protocol Security Mechanisms 500 Secure Communications Protocols 501 Authentication Protocols 502 Secure Voice Communications 503 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) 503 Social Engineering 504 Fraud and Abuse 505 Multimedia Collaboration 507 Remote Meeting 508 Instant Messaging 508 Manage Email Security 508 Email Security Goals 509 Understand Email Security Issues 510 Email Security Solutions 511 Remote Access Security Management 513 Plan Remote Access Security 515 Dial-Up Protocols 516 Centralized Remote Authentication Services 517 Virtual Private Network 517 Tunneling 518 How VPNs Work 519 Common VPN Protocols 520 Virtual LAN 522 Virtualization 523 Virtual Software 523 Virtual Networking 524 Network Address Translation 525 Private IP Addresses 526 Stateful NAT 527 Static and Dynamic NAT 528 Automatic Private IP Addressing 528 Switching Technologies 530 Circuit Switching 530 Packet Switching 531 Virtual Circuits 532 WAN Technologies 532 WAN Connection Technologies 534 Dial-Up Encapsulation Protocols 536 Miscellaneous Security Control Characteristics 537 Transparency 537 Verify Integrity 537 Transmission Mechanisms 538 Security Boundaries 539 Prevent or Mitigate Network Attacks 539 DoS and DDoS 540 Eavesdropping 541 Impersonation/Masquerading 542 Replay Attacks 542 Modification Attacks 542 Address Resolution Protocol Spoofing 542 DNS Poisoning, Spoofing, and Hijacking 543 Hyperlink Spoofing 544 Summary 545 Exam Essentials 546 Written Lab 549 Review Questions 550 Chapter 13 Managing Identity and Authentication 555 Controlling Access to Assets 556 Comparing Subjects and Objects 557 Types of Access Control 557 The CIA Triad 560 Comparing Identification and Authentication 560 Registration and Proofing of Identity 561 Authorization and Accountability 561 Authentication Factors 563 Passwords 564 Smartcards and Tokens 566 Biometrics 568 Multifactor Authentication 572 Device Authentication 572 Implementing Identity Management 573 Single Sign-On 573 Credential Management Systems 578 Integrating Identity Services 579 Managing Sessions 579 AAA Protocols 580 Managing the Identity and Access Provisioning Life Cycle 582 Provisioning 582 Account Review 583 Account Revocation 584 Summary 585 Exam Essentials 586 Written Lab 588 Review Questions 589 Chapter 14 Controlling and Monitoring Access 593 Comparing Access Control Models 594 Comparing Permissions, Rights, and Privileges 594 Understanding Authorization Mechanisms 595 Defining Requirements with a Security Policy 596 Implementing Defense in Depth 597 Discretionary Access Controls 598 Nondiscretionary Access Controls 598 Understanding Access Control Attacks 604 Risk Elements 605 Identifying Assets 605 Identifying Threats 607 Identifying Vulnerabilities 609 Common Access Control Attacks 610 Summary of Protection Methods 619 Summary 621 Exam Essentials 622 Written Lab 624 Review Questions 625 Chapter 15 Security Assessment and Testing 629 Building a Security Assessment and Testing Program 630 Security Testing 630 Security Assessments 631 Security Audits 632 Performing Vulnerability Assessments 634 Vulnerability Scans 634 Penetration Testing 642 Testing Your Software 643 Code Review and Testing 644 Interface Testing 646 Misuse Case Testing 648 Test Coverage Analysis 648 Implementing Security Management Processes 649 Log Reviews 649 Account Management 649 Backup Verification 650 Key Performance and Risk Indicators 650 Summary 650 Exam Essentials 651 Written Lab 653 Review Questions 654 Chapter 16 Managing Security Operations 659 Applying Security Operations Concepts 661 Need to Know and Least Privilege 661 Separation of Duties and Responsibilities 663 Job Rotation 666 Mandatory Vacations 666 Monitor Special Privileges 667 Managing the Information Life Cycle 668 Service Level Agreements 669 Addressing Personnel Safety 670 Provisioning and Managing Resources 670 Managing Hardware and Software Assets 671 Protecting Physical Assets 672 Managing Virtual Assets 672 Managing Cloud-based Assets 673 Media Management 675 Managing Configuration 678 Baselining 678 Using Images for Baselining 678 Managing Change 680 Security Impact Analysis 682 Versioning 683 Configuration Documentation 683 Managing Patches and Reducing Vulnerabilities 684 Patch Management 684 Vulnerability Management 685 Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures 688 Summary 688 Exam Essentials 689 Written Lab 691 Review Questions 692 Chapter 17 Preventing and Responding to Incidents 697 Managing Incident Response 698 Defining an Incident 698 Incident Response Steps 699 Implementing Preventive Measures 704 Basic Preventive Measures 705 Understanding Attacks 705 Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems 715 Specific Preventive Measures 721 Logging, Monitoring, and Auditing 731 Logging and Monitoring 731 Egress Monitoring 740 Auditing to Assess Effectiveness 742 Security Audits and Reviews 745 Reporting Audit Results 746 Summary 748 Exam Essentials 750 Written Lab 754 Review Questions 755 Chapter 18 Disaster Recovery Planning 759 The Nature of Disaster 760 Natural Disasters 761 Man-made Disasters 765 Understand System Resilience and Fault Tolerance 770 Protecting Hard Drives 771 Protecting Servers 772 Protecting Power Sources 773 Trusted Recovery 773 Quality of Service 775 Recovery Strategy 775 Business Unit and Functional Priorities 776 Crisis Management 777 Emergency Communications 777 Workgroup Recovery 778 Alternate Processing Sites 778 Mutual Assistance Agreements 782 Database Recovery 783 Recovery Plan Development 784 Emergency Response 785 Personnel and Communications 786 Assessment 787 Backups and Offsite Storage 787 Software Escrow Arrangements 790 External Communications 791 Utilities 791 Logistics and Supplies 791 Recovery vs. Restoration 791 Training, Awareness, and Documentation 792 Testing and Maintenance 793 Read-Through Test 793 Structured Walk-Through 794 Simulation Test 794 Parallel Test 794 Full-Interruption Test 794 Maintenance 794 Summary 795 Exam Essentials 795 Written Lab 797 Review Questions 798 Chapter 19 Incidents and Ethics 803 Investigations 804 Investigation Types 804 Evidence 806 Investigation Process 810 Major Categories of Computer Crime 812 Military and Intelligence Attacks 813 Business Attacks 814 Financial Attacks 814 Terrorist Attacks 815 Grudge Attacks 815 Thrill Attacks 817 Incident Handling 817 Common Types of Incidents 818 Response Teams 820 Incident Response Process 821 Interviewing Individuals 824 Incident Data Integrity and Retention 825 Reporting and Documenting Incidents 825 Ethics 826 (ISC)2 Code of Ethics 827 Ethics and the Internet 828 Summary 829 Exam Essentials 830 Written Lab 832 Review Questions 833 Chapter 20 Software Development Security 837 Introducing Systems Development Controls 838 Software Development 838 Systems Development Life Cycle 844 Life Cycle Models 847 Gantt Charts and PERT 853 Change and Configuration Management 853 The DevOps Approach 855 Application Programming Interfaces 856 Software Testing 857 Code Repositories 858 Service-Level Agreements 859 Software Acquisition 860 Establishing Databases and Data Warehousing 860 Database Management System Architecture 861 Database Transactions 864 Security for Multilevel Databases 866 ODBC 868 Storing Data and Information 869 Types of Storage 869 Storage Threats 870 Understanding Knowledge-based Systems 870 Expert Systems 870 Neural Networks 872 Decision Support Systems 872 Security Applications 873 Summary 873 Exam Essentials 874 Written Lab 875 Review Questions 876 Chapter 21 Malicious Code and Application Attacks 881 Malicious Code 882 Sources of Malicious Code 882 Viruses 883 Logic Bombs 889 Trojan Horses 889 Worms 890 Spyware and Adware 893 Countermeasures 893 Password Attacks 895 Password Guessing 895 Dictionary Attacks 896 Social Engineering 897 Countermeasures 898 Application Attacks 899 Buffer Overflows 899 Time of Check to Time of Use 900 Back Doors 900 Escalation of Privilege and Rootkits 900 Web Application Security 901 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 901 SQL Injection 902 Reconnaissance Attacks 905 IP Probes 905 Port Scans 906 Vulnerability Scans 906 Dumpster Diving 906 Masquerading Attacks 907 IP Spoofing 907 Session Hijacking 908 Summary 908 Exam Essentials 909 Written Lab 910 Review Questions 911 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 915 Chapter 1: Security Governance Through Principles and Policies 916 Chapter 2: Personnel Security and Risk Management Concepts 917 Chapter 3: Business Continuity Planning 918 Chapter 4: Laws, Regulations, and Compliance 920 Chapter 5: Protecting Security of Assets 922 Chapter 6: Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms 924 Chapter 7: PKI and Cryptographic Applications 926 Chapter 8: Principles of Security Models, Design, and Capabilities 927 Chapter 9: Security Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures 929 Chapter 10: Physical Security Requirements 931 Chapter 11: Secure Network Architecture and Securing Network Components 932 Chapter 12: Secure Communications and Network Attacks 933 Chapter 13: Managing Identity and Authentication 935 Chapter 14: Controlling and Monitoring Access 937 Chapter 15: Security Assessment and Testing 939 Chapter 16: Managing Security Operations 940 Chapter 17: Preventing and Responding to Incidents 943 Chapter 18: Disaster Recovery Planning 946 Chapter 19: Incidents and Ethics 948 Chapter 20: Software Development Security 949 Chapter 21: Malicious Code and Application Attacks 950 Appendix B Answers to Written Labs 953 Chapter 1: Security Governance Through Principles and Policies 954 Chapter 2: Personnel Security and Risk Management Concepts 954 Chapter 3: Business Continuity Planning 955 Chapter 4: Laws, Regulations, and Compliance 956 Chapter 5: Protecting Security of Assets 956 Chapter 6: Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms 957 Chapter 7: PKI and Cryptographic Applications 958 Chapter 8: Principles of Security Models, Design, and Capabilities 958 Chapter 9: Security Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures 959 Chapter 10: Physical Security Requirements 959 Chapter 11: Secure Network Architecture and Securing Network Components 960 Chapter 12: Secure Communications and Network Attacks 960 Chapter 13: Managing Identity and Authentication 961 Chapter 14: Controlling and Monitoring Access 962 Chapter 15: Security Assessment and Testing 962 Chapter 16: Managing Security Operations 963 Chapter 17: Preventing and Responding to Incidents 963 Chapter 18: Disaster Recovery Planning 964 Chapter 19: Incidents and Ethics 965 Chapter 20: Software Development Security 965 Chapter 21: Malicious Code and Application Attacks 966 Appendix C About the Additional Study Tools 967 Additional Study Tools 968 Sybex Test Engine 968 Electronic Flashcards 968 PDF of Glossary of Terms 968 Adobe Reader 968 System Requirements 969 Using the Study Tools 969 Troubleshooting 969 Customer Care 970 Index 971
