1. Preface
2. Introduction
2.1. Underwater communications
2.2. The acoustic channel
2.3. Networking
3. Topics bordering the physical layer
3.1. Time Synchronization
3.1.1. Clock inaccuracy model
3.1.2. Time synchronization protocols
3.1.3. Summary
3.2. Full-duplex links
3.2.1. Link layer
3.2.2. Physical layer
3.2.3. Concluding notes
3.3. Adaptive data rate
3.3.1. The physical layer
3.3.2. Medium access control, lower level
3.3.3. Adaptive data rate in ARQ systems
3.3.4. Summary and conclusions
4. Medium access control
4.1. Frequency-division multiple access
4.1.1. Description
4.1.2. Case studies 4.2. Code-division multiple access
4.2.1. Description
4.2.2. Near-far problem
4.2.3. Case studies
4.3. Time based multiple access technologies
4.3.1. Study of existing strategies
4.3.2. Study of existing technologies
4.3.3. Medium Access Cooperation with Game Theory
4.3.4. Discussion of existing time based multiple access technologies
4.4. Combination of different multiple access schemes
5. Logical link layer topics
5.1. Scope
5.2. ARQ
5.2.1. Stop-and-wait and go-back-N ARQ
5.2.2. Selective repeat ARQ
5.3. Hybrid ARQ
5.3.1. Type I hybrid ARQ
5.3.2. Type II hybrid ARQ
5.3.3. Fountain codes (rateless codes)
5.4. Link layer improvement potential in networks
5.4.1. Topologies
5.4.2. Implicit acknowledgment
5.4.3. End-to-end feedback
5.4.4. Opportunistic routing
5.4.5. Network coding
5.4.6. Collaborative beamforming and related ideas
6. Routing
6.1. Overview of routing protocol classes
6.1.1. Proactive and reactive routing
6.1.2. Geographic routing
6.1.3. Unicast, broadcast, multicast, geocast, anycast
6.1.4. Hierarchical vs. flat routing
6.1.5. Routing in Delay-Tolerant Networks
6.2. Overview of the most significant underwater routing approaches
6.3. Overview of DTN routing protocols and approaches
6.4. Conclusions regarding routing
7. Abbreviations
8. References