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Europe 1815-48 - themes and problems; the revolutions of 1848; the French second empire; the unification of Italy; the unification of Germany; the consolidation of Russian conservatism, 1848-94; Germany under Bismark, 1870-90; the French third Republic to 1914; the crisis of Russian autocracy 1894-1914; Germany and Austria in the Wilhelmine age; the First World War - causes and course; the Russian Revolutions 1914-24; Russia without Lenin 1924-41; democracy in crisis; Fascism in Italy; the Third Reich; the 20 years' truce, 1919-39; the Second World War.