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It is primarily with intelligent beings that we ask: How did we get to where we now find ourselves? Regression and infinite regression in particular is thus a concept that has gained a greater prominence in the human sciences than in the sciences of nature.  Argumentation to infinite regress has long been a favored instrument of philosophical dialectic. Philosophers have used it to disprove the positions they model to criticize. Infinite regresses, so they reason, are unrealizable: they cannot be completed so as to achieve some definitive result. And thereby anything that would engender an infinite regress is automatically made ineffective.  Infinite Regress examines the theory of regression and includes information on the topics of vicious regress, innocuous regress, circularity regress, and propositional regress. Also discussed is the history of regression stemming from ancient times, to medieval times, to early modern history. Some of the other chapters in this book focus on world class philosophers including Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Bertrand Russell. The book will play a significant role in theoretical philosophy as well as in social philosophy and the philosophy of mind.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":49909483503889,"sku":"CIN1138510939VG","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52667265515793,"sku":"NLS9781138510937","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1138510939.jpg?v=1750984248"},{"product_id":"kant-and-the-reach-of-reason-book-nicholas-rescher-9780521667913","title":"Kant and the Reach of Reason","description":"The essays collected in this volume have a strong thematic and interpretative unity. 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The aim throughout, one that many Kant scholars and students will find provocative, is to show that in an important sense Kant is prepared to assert the primacy of practical over theoretical philosophy.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49972438434065,"sku":"GOR002105467","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ WELL_READ \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50555157348625,"sku":"GOR013993171","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":51742352605457,"sku":"CIN0521667917G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52432762863889,"sku":"NLS9780521667913","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0521667917.jpg?v=1750911644"},{"product_id":"philosophical-reasoning-book-nicholas-rescher-9780631230182","title":"Philosophical Reasoning","description":"This book is a study in the methodology of philosophical inquiry. 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This is an ex-Library book. Blue cloth covered boards with gilt. Book has been rebound by library, with expected inserts, stamps and inscriptions.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50089375236369,"sku":"1711966506BMP","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1711966506BMP_1.jpg?v=1722936814"},{"product_id":"predicting-the-future-book-nicholas-rescher-9780791435540","title":"Predicting the Future","description":"The future obviously matters to us. It is, after all, where we'll be spending the rest of our lives. We need some degree of foresight if we are to make effective plans for managing our affairs. Much that we would like to know in advance cannot be predicted. But a vast amount of successful prediction is nonetheless possible, especially in the context of applied sciences such as medicine, meteorology, and engineering. This book examines our prospects for finding out about the future in advance. It addresses questions such as why prediction is possible in some areas and not others; what sorts of methods and resources make successful prediction possible; and what obstacles limit the predictive venture.  Nicholas Rescher develops a general theory of prediction that encompasses its fundamental principles, methodology, and practice and gives an overview of its promises and problems. Predicting the Future considers the anthropological and historical background of the predictive enterprise. It also examines the conceptual, epistemic, and ontological principles that set the stage for predictive efforts. In short, Rescher explores the basic features of the predictive situation and considers their broader implications in science, in philosophy, and in the management of our daily affairs.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50177083048209,"sku":"CIN0791435547VG","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51007103795473,"sku":"NIN9780791435540","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52234152640785,"sku":"NLS9780791435540","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":53620545913105,"sku":"GOR006132421","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0791435547.jpg?v=1751044012"},{"product_id":"philosophical-inquiries-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822960751","title":"Philosophical Inquiries","description":"Offers Nicholas Rescher's perspectives on many of the foundational concerns of philosophy. 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In Luck, one of our most eminent philosophers offers a realistic view of the nature and operation of luck to help us come to sensible terms with life in a chaotic world. Differentiating luck from fate (inexorable destiny) and fortune (mere chance), Nicholas Rescher weaves a colorful tapestry of historical examples, from the use of lots in the Old and New Testaments to Thomas Gataker\\u2019s treatise of 1619 on the great English lottery of 1612, from casino gambling to playing the stock market. Because we are creatures of limited knowledge who do and must make decisions in the light of incomplete information, Rescher argues, we are inevitably at the mercy of luck. 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In this book, Nicholas Rescher fills this gap by offering a study in methodology aimed at providing a clear view of the scope and limits of philosophical inquiry. He argues that philosophy's inability to resolve all of the problems of the field does not preclude the prospect of achieving a satisfactory resolution of many or even most of them.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50366728732945,"sku":"CIN0791467465G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52658893324561,"sku":"NLS9780791467466","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0791467465.jpg?v=1750786099"},{"product_id":"g-w-leibniz-s-monadology-book-nicholas-rescher-9780415072847","title":"G.W. Leibniz's Monadology","description":"G.W. 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The result serves a dual purpose of providing a commentary on the  Monadology  by Leibniz himself, while at the same time supplying an exposition of his philosophy using the  Monadology  as an outline.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":50432555450641,"sku":"GOR002523035","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52151895228689,"sku":"NLS9780415072847","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52735286935825,"sku":"NIN9780415072847","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0415072840.jpg?v=1751229536"},{"product_id":"journey-through-philosophy-in-101-anecdotes-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822963356","title":"A Journey through Philosophy in 101 Anecdotes","description":"Nicholas Rescher presents the first comprehensive chronology of philosophical anecdotes, spanning from antiquity to the current era.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50477819658513,"sku":"CIN0822963353G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008775487761,"sku":"NIN9780822963356","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":51303715701009,"sku":"GOR010167302","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822963353.jpg?v=1762423124"},{"product_id":"pluralism-book-nicholas-rescher-9780198236016","title":"Pluralism","description":"Nicholas Rescher presents a critical reaction against two currently influential tendencies of thought. 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Such an approach replaces the yearning tor an unattainable consensus with the institution of pragmatic arrangements in which the community will acquiesce - not through agreeing on their optimality, but through a shared recognition among the dissonant parties that the available options are even worse.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":50479897674001,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50479898067217,"sku":"CIN0198236018G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52122513899793,"sku":"NLS9780198236016","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0198236018.jpg?v=1751004982"},{"product_id":"philosophical-standardism-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822937906","title":"Philosophical Standardism","description":"Philosophical Standardism is ideal for bringing one of the field's preeminent scholars into the classroom. 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The result is a unified treatment of conditionals based on epistemological principles rather than the semantical principles in vogue over recent decades. This approach, argues Rescher, makes it easier to understand how conditionals actually function in our thought and discourse. In its concern with what language theorists call pragmatics--the study of the norms and principles governing our use of language in conveying information-- \u003ci\u003eConditionals\u003c\/i\u003e steps beyond the limits of logic as traditionally understood and moves into the realm claimed by theorists of artificial intelligence as they try to simulate our actual information-processing practices. The book's treatment of counterfactuals essentially revives an epistemological approach proposed by F. P. Ramsey in the 1920s and developed by Rescher himself in the 1960s but since overshadowed by the now-dominant possible-worlds approach. Rescher argues that the increasingly evident liabilities of the possible-worlds strategy make a reappraisal of the older style of analysis both timely and desirable. As the book makes clear, an epistemological approach demonstrates that counterfactual reasoning, unlike inductive inference, is not a matter of abstract reasoning alone but one of good judgment and common sense.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":50761666396433,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50761669378321,"sku":"CIN0262182599G","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":51928058855697,"sku":"CIN0262182599VG","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/B007K4U4UU.jpg?v=1751070349"},{"product_id":"espionage-statecraft-and-the-theory-of-reporting-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822944737","title":"Espionage, Statecraft, and the Theory of Reporting","description":"Everything we know about what goes on in the world comes to us through reports, information transmitted through human communication. We rely on reports, which can take any number of forms, to convey useful information, and we derive knowledge from that information. It's no surprise, then, that reporting has many philosophical dimensions. Because it plays such a major role in knowledge management, as Nicholas Rescher argues, the epistemology of reporting not only deserves our attention but also sheds important light on how we understand the theory of knowledge. This book offers a clear, accessible introduction to the theory of reporting, with a special emphasis on national security, particularly military and diplomatic reporting, drawing on examples from historical accounts of espionage and statecraft from the Second World War. Rescher explores the various issues and problems related to the production and reception of reports—including reporter expertise and trustworthiness, transmission modalities, confidentiality, cognitive importance, and the interpretation, evaluation, and utilization of reports—providing readers with a distinctive and well organized philosophical clarification of some central features of the theory of reporting.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50953632121105,"sku":"CIN0822944731VG","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51306073227537,"sku":"NIN9780822944737","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822944731.jpg?v=1762422682"},{"product_id":"risk-theory-book-nicholas-rescher-9783030785017","title":"Risk Theory","description":"Apart from its foray into technical issues of risk assessment and management,  this book has one principal aim. 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It takes into account abnormal situations and eccentric measurements, situational evaluation and expectation and scrutinizes the social aspect of risk. The book is of interest to logicians, philosophers of mathematics, and researchers of risk assessment. The project is a companion piece to the author's LUCK THEORY, also published by Springer.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51064603181329,"sku":"NIN9783030785017","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ GARDNERS","offer_id":52111169585425,"sku":"NGR9783030785017","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52584901280017,"sku":"NLS9783030785017","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/3030785017.jpg?v=1751284757"},{"product_id":"paradoxes-book-nicholas-rescher-9780812694376","title":"Paradoxes","description":"A paradox (from the Greek word meaning \"contrary to expectation\") is a statement that seems self-contradictory but may be true. 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Rescher addresses what he sees as the three prime areas of metaphysical concern: (1) the world as such and the architecture of nature at large, (2) ourselves as nature's denizens and our potential for learning about it, and (3) the transcendent domain of possibility and value. Rescher engages issues across a wide range of metaphysical themes, from different worldviews and ultimate questions to contingency and necessity, intelligent design and world-improvability, personhood and consciousness, empathy and other minds, moral obligation, and philosophical methodology. Over the course of this book, Rescher discusses, with his characteristic fusion of idealism and pragmatism, an integrated overview of the key philosophical problems grounded in an idealistically value-oriented approach. His discussion seeks to shed new light on philosophically central issues from a unified point of view.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51000597872913,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51000600494353,"sku":"NIN9780268102890","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52536160354577,"sku":"NLS9780268102890","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0268102899.jpg?v=1777112588"},{"product_id":"logic-of-commands-book-nicholas-rescher-9780367426279","title":"The Logic of Commands","description":"Originally published in 1966. Professor Rescher’s aim is to develop a \"logic of commands\" in exactly the same general way which standard logic has already developed a \"logic of truth-functional statement compounds\" or a \"logic of quantifiers\". The object is to present a tolerably accurate and precise account of the logically relevant facets of a command, to study the nature of \"inference\" in reasonings involving commands, and above all to establish a viable concept of validity in command inference, so that the logical relationships among commands can be studied with something of the rigour to which one is accustomed in other branches of logic.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51001495945489,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51001498501393,"sku":"NIN9780367426279","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52472795070737,"sku":"NLS9780367426279","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0367426277.jpg?v=1751039153"},{"product_id":"presumption-and-the-practices-of-tentative-cognition-book-nicholas-rescher-9780521349635","title":"Presumption and the Practices of Tentative Cognition","description":"Presumption is a remarkably versatile and pervasively useful resource. Firmly grounded in the law of evidence from its origins in classical antiquity, it made its way in the days of medieval scholasticism into the theory and practice of disputation and debate. Subsequently, it extended its reach to play an increasingly significant role in the philosophical theory of knowledge. It has thus come to represent a region where lawyers, debaters, and philosophers can all find some common around. In Presumption and the Practices of Tentative Cognition, Nicholas Rescher endeavors to show that the process of presumption plays a role of virtually indispensable utility in matters of rational inquiry and communication. The origins of presumption may lie in law, but its importance is reinforced by its service to the theory of information management and philosophy.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51003084996881,"sku":"NIN9780521349635","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52333309526289,"sku":"NLS9780521349635","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/052134963X.jpg?v=1751135042"},{"product_id":"scholastic-meditations-book-nicholas-rescher-9780813232072","title":"Scholastic Meditations","description":"The newest volume in the ongoing Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy series comprises ten essays that mediate between Scholastic concerns and contemporary philosophical issues. Distinguished author and philosopher Nicholas Rescher suggests that the Scholastic era—the 500-year period from Abelard to Suarez—was a model of philosophical activity. More than at any other stage of history, philosophy stood at the center of academic and intellectual culture. And many of the criticisms of the scholastic thinkers voiced since that time—their preoccupation with subtle distinctions and logic-chopping, for example—fail to do justice to the seriousness of their concerns and to the fact that their subtleties generally served a clear purpose with regard to the clarification of significant philosophical issues.  The studies gathered in this volume seek to do homage to the spirit of Scholasticism. They address key issues in that tradition—some from an historical point of view, others from a more substantive standpoint. The essays are written in the conviction that there is much to be learned from the schoolmen even when one fails to agree with their substantive doctrinal positions. The methods they employed and their commitment to their projects have much to teach—and to inspire—us about the proper conduct of philosophizing.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51008025461009,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008030933265,"sku":"NIN9780813232072","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0813232074.jpg?v=1757414781"},{"product_id":"logic-of-decision-and-action-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822984009","title":"The Logic of Decision and Action","description":"The four main essays in this volume investigate new sectors of the theory of decision, preference, act-characteristics, and action analysis. Herbert A. Simon applies tools developed in the theory of decision-making to the logic of action, and thereby develops a novel concept of heuristic power. Adapting ideas from utility and decision theory, Nicholas Rescher proposes a logic of preference by which conflicting theories proposed by G. H. von Wright, R. M. Chisholm, and others can be systematized. Donald Davidson discusses difficulties in specifying the structure of action sentences to elucidate how their meaning depends on that structure. G. H. von Wright devises a method for describing each state of the world that results from an action, in a revision of his own earlier work. Additionally, a study of the logic of norms by Alan Ross Anderson is presented as an appendix, along with an appendix by Rescher outlining the aspects of action.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51008389710097,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008393511185,"sku":"NIN9780822984009","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822984008.jpg?v=1762423020"},{"product_id":"cognitive-pragmatism-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822941538","title":"Cognitive Pragmatism","description":"In Cognitive Pragmatism, Nicholas Rescher tackles the major questions of philosophical inquiry, pondering the nature of truth and existence. In the authoritative voice and calculated manner that we've come to expect from this distinguished philosopher, Rescher argues that the development of knowledge is a practice, pursued by humans because we have a need for its products. This pragmatic approach satisfies our innate urge as humans to make sense of our surroundings.Taking his discussion down to the level of particular details, and addressing such topics as inductive validation, hypostatization fallacies, and counterfactual reasoning, Rescher abandons abstract generalities in favor of concrete specifics. For example, philosophers usually insist that to reason logically from a counterfactual, we must imagine a possible world in which the statement is fact. But Rescher argues that there's no need to attempt to accept the facts of a world outside our cognition in order to reason from them. He shows us how we can use our own natural system of prioritizing, our own understanding of the fundamental, to resolve the inconsistencies in such statements as, \"If the Eiffel Tower were in Manhattan, then it would be in New York State.\" In using dozens of real-world examples such as these, and in arguing in his characteristically succinct style, Rescher casts light on a wide variety of concrete issues in the classical theory of knowledge, and reassures us along the way that the inherent limitations on our knowledge are no cause for distress. In pragmatic theory and inquiry, we must accept that the best we can do is good enough, because we only have a certain (albeit large) set of tools and conceptualizations available to us.A unique synthesis, this endeavor into pragmatic epistemology will be of interest to scholars and students of philosophy and cognitive science.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008451608849,"sku":"NIN9780822941538","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822941538.jpg?v=1762422683"},{"product_id":"epistemic-logic-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822961307","title":"Epistemic Logic","description":"Epistemic logic is the branch of philosophical thought that seeks to formalize the discourse about knowledge. Its object is to articulate and clarify the general principles of reasoning about claims to and attributions of knowledge. This comprehensive survey of the topic offers the first systematic account of the subject as it has developed in the journal literature over recent decades. Rescher gives an overview of the discipline by setting out the general principles for reasoning about such matters as propositional knowledge and interrogative knowledge. Aimed at graduate students and specialists, Epistemic Logic elucidates both Rescher's pragmatic view of knowledge and the field in general.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51008456196369,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008459276561,"sku":"NIN9780822961307","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/082296130X.jpg?v=1762422552"},{"product_id":"on-leibniz-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822962182","title":"On Leibniz","description":"Contemporary philosopher John Searle has characterized Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) as \\u201cthe most intelligent human being who has ever lived.\\u201d The German philosopher, mathematician, and logician invented calculus (independently of Sir Isaac Newton), topology, determinants, binary arithmetic, symbolic logic, rational mechanics, and much more. His metaphysics bequeathed a set of problems and approaches that have influenced the course of Western philosophy from Kant in the eighteenth century until the present day.  On Leibniz examines many aspects of Leibniz’s work and life. This expanded edition adds new chapters that explore Leibniz’s revolutionary deciphering machine; his theoretical interest in cryptography and its ties to algebra; his thoughts on eternal recurrence theory; his rebuttal of the thesis of improvability in the world and cosmos; and an overview of American scholarship on Leibniz.  Other chapters reveal Leibniz as a substantial contributor to theories of knowledge. Discussions of his epistemology and methodology, its relationship to John Maynard Keynes and Talmudic scholarship, broaden the traditional view of Leibniz. Rescher also views Leibniz’s scholarly development and professional career in historical context. As a \\u201cphilosopher courtier\\u201d to the Hanoverian court, Leibniz was associated with the leading intellectuals and politicians of his era, including Spinoza, Huygens, Newton, Queen Sophie Charlotte, and Tsar Peter the Great.  Rescher extrapolates the fundamentals of Leibniz’s ontology: the theory of possible worlds, the world’s contingency, space-time frameworks, and intermonadic relationships. In conclusion, Rescher positions Leibniz as a philosophical role model for today’s scholars. He argues that many current problems can be effectively addressed with principles of process philosophy inspired by Leibniz’s system of monadology.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51008456524049,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008459473169,"sku":"NIN9780822962182","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822962187.jpg?v=1762422914"},{"product_id":"aporetics-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822960577","title":"Aporetics","description":"The word apory stems from the Greek aporia, meaning impasse or perplexing difficulty. In Aporetics, Nicholas Rescher defines an apory as a group of individually plausible but collectively incompatible theses. Rescher examines historic, formulaic, and systematic apories and couples these with aporetic theory from other authors to form this original and comprehensive survey. Citing thinkers from the pre-Socratics through Spinoza, Hegel, and Nicolai Hartmann, he builds a framework for coping with the complexities of divergent theses, and shows in detail how aporetic analysis can be applied to a variety of fields including philosophy, mathematics, linguistics, logic, and intellectual history.  Rescher's in-depth examination reveals how aporetic inconsistency can be managed through a plausibility analysis that breaks the chain of inconsistency at its weakest link by deploying right-of-way precedence based on considerations of cognitive centrality. Thus while involvement with cognitive conflicts and inconsistencies are pervasive in human thought, aporetic analysis can provide an effective means of damage control.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51008504987921,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008508526865,"sku":"NIN9780822960577","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822960575.jpg?v=1762422660"},{"product_id":"cognitive-economy-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822985204","title":"Cognitive Economy","description":"Cost, expected benefits, and risks are paramount in grant agencies' decisions to fund scientific research. In Cognitive Economy, Nicholas Rescher outlines a general theory for the cost-effective use of intellectual resources, amplifying the theories of Charles Sanders Pierce, who stressed an \\u201ceconomy of research.\\u201d Rescher discusses the requirements of cooperation, communication, cognitive importance, cognitive economy, as well as the economic factors bearing on induction and simplicity. He then applies his model to several case studies and to clarifying the limits imposed on science by economic considerations.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008531824913,"sku":"NIN9780822985204","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822985209.jpg?v=1762422461"},{"product_id":"process-philosophy-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822961284","title":"Process Philosophy","description":"Process Philosophy surveys  the basic issues and controversies surrounding the philosophical  approach known as \"process philosophy.\" Process philosophy views  temporality, activity, and change as the cardinal factors for our  understanding of the real—process has priority over product, both  ontologically and epistemically. Rescher examines the movement’s  historical origins, reflecting a major line of thought in the work of  such philosophers as Heracleitus, Leibniz, Bergson, Peirce, William  James, and especially A. N. Whitehead.   Reacting against the tendency to associate process philosophy too  closely with this last-named thinker, Rescher writes, “Indeed, one  cardinal task for the partisans of process at this particular juncture  of philosophical history is to prevent the idea of 'process philosophy' from being marginalized through a limitation of its bearing to the work  and influence of any one single individual or group.”  This book will appeal to both students and professors of philosophy.  Those teachers who have not been trained in process philosophy will  welcome this new text by one one of North America’s foremost  philosophers as a perspicuous and informative introduction.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51008533168401,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008536281361,"sku":"NIN9780822961284","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822961288.jpg?v=1762422508"},{"product_id":"ignorance-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822960140","title":"Ignorance","description":"Historically, there has been great deliberation about the limits of human knowledge. Isaac Newton, recognizing his own shortcomings, once described himself as \\u201ca boy standing on the seashore . . . whilst the great ocean of truth lay all underscored before me.\\u201d  In Ignorance, Nicholas Rescher presents a broad-ranging study that examines the manifestations, consequences, and occasional benefits of ignorance in areas of philosophy, scientific endeavor, and ordinary life. Citing philosophers, theologians, and scientists from Socrates to Steven Hawking, Rescher seeks to uncover the factors that hinder our cognition.  Rescher categorizes ignorance as ontologically grounded (rooted in acts of nature-erasure, chaos, and chance-that prevent fact determination), or epistemically grounded (the inadequacy of our information-securing resources). He then defines the basis of ignorance: inaccessible data; statistical fogs; secreted information; past data that have left no trace; future discoveries; future contingencies; vagrant predicates; and superior intelligences. Such impediments set limits to inquiry and mean that while we can always extend our existing knowledge-variability here is infinite-there are things that we will never know.  Cognitive finitude also hinders our ability to assimilate more than a certain number of facts. We may acquire additional information, but lack the facility to interpret it. More information does not always increase knowledge; it may point us further down the path toward an erroneous conclusion. In light of these deficiencies, Rescher looks to the role of computers in solving problems and expanding our knowledge base, but finds limits to their reasoning capacity.  As Rescher's comprehensive study concludes, ignorance itself is a fertile topic for knowledge, and recognizing the boundaries of our comprehension is where wisdom begins.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51008708378897,"sku":"NIN9780822960140","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822960141.jpg?v=1762422713"},{"product_id":"realm-of-facts-book-nicholas-rescher-9783110777758","title":"The Realm of Facts","description":"Knowledge of facts is essential for the management of life. Most studies of the subject examine how we go about trying to obtain it; they describe the processes and proceedings of rational inquiry. The present work steps back from this to inquire into the limits and limitations of such processes and to identify the assets and the limitabilities of what they are able to supply for us. It examines how knowledge of facts is secured and consolidated as such, and what the resulting information can and cannot provide. It argues that the unavoidable incompleteness of our factual information also endows it with an element of incorrectness. By looking also at the negative side of human inquiry the book’s perspective clarifies the nature of our grip on the facts that constitute our view of the reality of things.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51060673904913,"sku":"NIN9783110777758","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52404784431377,"sku":"NLS9783110777758","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/3110777754.jpg?v=1750998678"},{"product_id":"on-explaining-existence-book-nicholas-rescher-9783110320138","title":"On Explaining Existence","description":"No short book on the explanation of existence can afford the hubris of claiming to accomplish this task. And certainly no such claim can be or is being made here. What is at issue is not—and cannot be—an actual explanation. Rather, what is attempted here is at the very most a rough sketch of the conceptual architecture that an adequate explanation can be expected to exhibit. No more is achieved than a rough and general indication of the direction in which a satisfactory explanation can unfold. A vast amount of detail will have to be filled in to provide a tenable explanation. Only the rough shape that the explanation will have to take is something that one can map out in the basis of considerations of general principles, giving reasons why alternative directions are less promising and how objection to the indicated direction can be removed or mitigated. But the move from a general direction to a specific and detailed pathway calls for more than is—or can be—attempted here.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51064052056337,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51064054481169,"sku":"NIN9783110320138","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52147620020497,"sku":"NLS9783110320138","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/3110320134.jpg?v=1750999722"},{"product_id":"philosophy-examined-book-nicholas-rescher-9783111276250","title":"Philosophy Examined","description":"The breathtaking landscape and attractive small towns and villages draw many visitors to the Yorkshire Dales national park. Contained within its boundaries, a huge variety of people, landscapes and wildlife can be found. 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In particular, his book demonstrates the limitations of human knowledge and will be of great value to scholars working in this area.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51105030799633,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51105035157777,"sku":"NIN9780521178501","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52432682352913,"sku":"NLS9780521178501","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0521178509.jpg?v=1751104290"},{"product_id":"essays-in-philosophical-analysis-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822984122","title":"Essays in Philosophical Analysis","description":"This book presents twenty essays by Nicholas Rescher, representing more than a decade of his work. 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Despite the range of topics, all essays are closely integrated at the methodological level.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51120151560465,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51120154214673,"sku":"NIN9780822984122","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0822984121.jpg?v=1762422922"},{"product_id":"nature-and-understanding-book-nicholas-rescher-9780198250852","title":"Nature and Understanding","description":"Nature and Understanding explores the prospect of looking from a scientific point of view at such central ideas of traditional metaphysics as the simplicity of nature, its comprehensibility, or its systematic integrity. Rescher seeks to describe - in a way accessible to philosophers and nonphilosophers alike - the metaphysical situation that characterizes the process of inquiry in natural science. His principal aim is to see what light can be shed on reality by examining the modus operandi of natural science itself, focusing as much on its findings as on its conceptual and methodological presuppositions. This is the culmination of many years of penetrating work in this area of philosophy by one of its most eminent exponents. It is the definitive presentation of some of Rescher's key ideas.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51137257079057,"sku":"NIN9780198250852","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52149016658193,"sku":"NLS9780198250852","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0198250851.jpg?v=1750939649"},{"product_id":"realism-and-pragmatic-epistemology-book-nicholas-rescher-9780822942498","title":"Realism And Pragmatic Epistemology","description":"An examination of philosophical realism from the standpoint of pragmatic epistemology, Realism and Pragmatic Epistemology addresses the core idea of Rescher's work in epistemology: that functional and pragmatic concerns exert a controlling influence on the conduct of rational inquiry and on the ways in which we can and should regard its products.Pragmatism is widely regarded as a philosophical approach that stands at odds with realism, but Rescher takes a very different approach. 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