Foreword xxvii Introduction xxix Assessment Test xlviii Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals 1 History of WLAN 2 Standards Organizations 4 Federal Communications Commission 5 International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector 6 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 7 Internet Engineering Task Force 8 Wi-Fi Alliance 10 International Organization for Standardization 14 Core, Distribution, and Access 15 Communications Fundamentals 17 Understanding Carrier Signals 17 Understanding Keying Methods 20 Summary 24 Exam Essentials 25 Review Questions 26 Chapter 2 Radio Frequency Fundamentals 31 What Is a Radio Frequency Signal? 33 Radio Frequency Characteristics 34 Wavelength 34 Frequency 38 Amplitude 40 Phase 41 Radio Frequency Behaviors 42 Wave Propagation 42 Absorption 43 Reflection 44 Scattering 46 Refraction 46 Diffraction 47 Loss (Attenuation) 49 Free Space Path Loss 51 Multipath 53 Gain (Amplification) 57 Summary 58 Exam Essentials 58 Review Questions 59 Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics 63 RF Components 65 Transmitter 65 Antenna 66 Receiver 67 Intentional Radiator (IR) 67 Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power 67 Units of Power and Comparison 69 Watt 70 Milliwatt (mW) 70 Decibel (dB) 71 dBi 73 dBd 74 dBm 74 Inverse Square Law 76 RF Mathematics 77 Rule of 10s and 3s 77 Noise Floor 87 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 87 Received Signal Strength Indicator 88 Link Budget 92 Fade Margin/System Operating Margin 95 Summary 97 Exam Essentials 98 Review Questions 99 Chapter 4 Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts 103 Azimuth and Elevation Charts (Antenna Radiation Envelopes) 105 Interpreting Polar Charts 108 Beamwidth 110 Antenna Types 113 Omnidirectional Antennas 113 Semidirectional Antennas 116 Highly Directional Antennas 118 Sector Antennas 120 Antenna Arrays 122 Visual Line of Sight 124 RF Line of Sight 124 Fresnel Zone 125 Earth Bulge 129 Antenna Polarization 130 Antenna Diversity 131 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output 132 MIMO Antennas 132 Indoor MIMO Antennas 133 Outdoor MIMO Antennas 133 Antenna Connection and Installation 134 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 134 Signal Loss 135 Antenna Mounting 136 Antenna Accessories 141 Cables 141 Connectors 142 Splitters 143 Amplifiers 143 Attenuators 144 Lightning Arrestors 145 Grounding Rods and Wires 147 Summary 148 Exam Essentials 148 Review Questions 149 Chapter 5 IEEE 802.11 Standards 153 Original IEEE 802.11 Standard 156 IEEE 802.11-2007 Ratified Amendments 158 802.11b 159 802.11a 160 802.11g 161 802.11d 164 802.11h 165 802.11i 167 802.11j 168 802.11e 168 Post 2007 Ratified Amendments 169 802.11r-2008 170 802.11k-2008 170 802.11y-2008 171 802.11w-2009 172 802.11n-2009 173 802.11z-2010 173 802.11u-2011 173 802.11v-2011 174 802.11s-2011 174 IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments 175 802.11p 176 802.11aa 176 802.11ac 177 802.11ad 177 802.11ae 178 802.11af 178 802.11ah 178 Defunct Amendments 178 802.11F 178 802.11T 181 802.11m Task Group 182 Summary 182 Exam Essentials 183 Review Questions 184 Chapter 6 Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies 189 Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Bands 191 900 MHz ISM Band 191 2.4 GHz ISM Band 192 5.8 GHz ISM Band 192 Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Bands 193 UNII-1 (Lower Band) 193 UNII-2 (Middle Band) 194 UNII-2 Extended 194 UNII-3 (Upper Band) 195 3.6 GHz Band 196 4.9 GHz Band 196 Future Wi-Fi Frequencies 196 60 GHz 196 White-Fi 197 Narrowband and Spread Spectrum 197 Multipath Interference 199 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 200 Hopping Sequence 200 Dwell Time 201 Hop Time 201 Modulation 202 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 202 DSSS Data Encoding 203 Modulation 204 Packet Binary Convolutional Code 204 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 205 Convolutional Coding 206 Modulation 206 2.4 GHz Channels 207 5 GHz Channels 211 Adjacent, Nonadjacent, and Overlapping Channels 213 Throughput vs. Bandwidth 214 Communication Resilience 215 Summary 216 Exam Essentials 217 Review Questions 217 Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Topologies 221 Wireless Networking Topologies 222 Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) 223 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) 223 Wireless Personal Area Network 224 Wireless Local Area Network 224 802.11 Topologies 225 Access Point 226 Client Station 227 Integration Service 227 Distribution System 227 Wireless Distribution System 228 Service Set Identifier 231 Basic Service Set 232 Basic Service Set Identifier 233 Basic Service Area 233 Extended Service Set 234 Independent Basic Service Set 237 Mesh Basic Service Set 238 802.11 Configuration Modes 239 Access Point Modes 239 Client Station Modes 240 Summary 241 Exam Essentials 241 Review Questions 243 Chapter 8 802.11 Medium Access 247 CSMA/CA vs. CSMA/CD 248 Collision Detection 249 Distributed Coordination Function 250 Interframe Space (IFS) 250 Duration/ID Field 251 Carrier Sense 252 Random Back-off Timer 254 Point Coordination Function 255 Hybrid Coordination Function 255 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 256 HCF Controlled Channel Access 257 Block Acknowledgment 257 Wi-Fi Multimedia 258 Airtime Fairness 260 Summary 261 Exam Essentials 262 Review Questions 263 Chapter 9 802.11 MAC Architecture 267 Packets, Frames, and Bits 269 Data-Link Layer 270 MAC Service Data Unit 270 MAC Protocol Data Unit 270 Physical Layer 271 PLCP Service Data Unit 271 PLCP Protocol Data Unit 271 802.11 and 802.3 Interoperability 272 Three 802.11 Frame Types 273 Management Frames 273 Control Frames 274 Data Frames 275 Beacon Management Frame 276 Passive Scanning 277 Active Scanning 278 Authentication 280 Open System Authentication 280 Shared Key Authentication 281 Association 282 Authentication and Association States 282 Basic and Supported Rates 283 Roaming 284 Reassociation 284 Disassociation 286 Deauthentication 287 ACK Frame 287 Fragmentation 288 Protection Mechanism 290 RTS/CTS 293 CTS-to-Self 294 Data Frames 295 Power Management 296 Active Mode 297 Power Save Mode 297 Traffic Indication Map 297 Delivery Traffic Indication Message 298 Announcement Traffic Indication Message 299 WMM Power Save and U-APSD 300 802.11n Power Management 302 Band Steering 302 Summary 303 Exam Essentials 304 Review Questions 306 Chapter 10 WLAN Architecture 311 Wireless LAN Client Devices 312 Radio Card Formats 313 Radio Card Chipsets 317 Client Utilities 318 Management, Control, and Data Planes 322 Management Plane 322 Control Plane 323 Data Plane 323 WLAN Architecture 323 Autonomous WLAN Architecture 324 Wireless Network Management System 325 Centralized WLAN Architecture 327 Distributed WLAN Architecture 336 Unified WLAN Architecture 337 Specialty WLAN Infrastructure 337 Wireless Workgroup Bridge 338 Wireless LAN Bridges 339 Home Wi-Fi Router 341 Wireless LAN Mesh Access Points 342 WLAN Array 343 Virtual AP System 344 Real-Time Location Systems 344 VoWiFi 346 Summary 348 Exam Essentials 348 Review Questions 350 Chapter 11 WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets 355 Deployment Considerations for Commonly Supported WLAN Applications and Devices 356 Data 356 Voice 357 Video 357 Real-Time Location Services 358 Mobile Devices 359 Corporate Data Access and End-User Mobility 360 Network Extension to Remote Areas 360 Bridging: Building-to-Building Connectivity 361 Wireless ISP: Last-Mile Data Delivery 362 Small Office/Home Office 362 Mobile Office Networking 363 Educational/Classroom Use 363 Industrial: Warehousing and Manufacturing 364 Healthcare: Hospitals and Offices 364 Municipal Networks 366 Hotspots: Public Network Access 366 Transportation Networks 368 Law Enforcement Networks 368 First-Responder Networks 369 Fixed Mobile Convergence 370 WLAN and Health 371 WLAN Vendors 371 Summary 373 Exam Essentials 373 Review Questions 375 Chapter 12 WLAN Troubleshooting 379 Layer 2 Retransmissions 380 RF Interference 382 Multipath 385 Adjacent Channel Interference 387 Low SNR 390 Mismatched Power Settings 391 Near/Far 393 Hidden Node 394 802.11 Coverage Considerations 398 Dynamic Rate Switching 398 Roaming 401 Layer 3 Roaming 405 Co-channel Interference 407 Channel Reuse/Multiple Channel Architecture 409 Single-Channel Architecture 414 Capacity vs. Coverage 416 Oversized Coverage Cells 418 Physical Environment 418 Voice vs. Data 418 Performance 420 Weather 421 Summary 422 Exam Essentials 422 Review Questions 424 Chapter 13 802.11 Network Security Architecture 429 802.11 Security Basics 431 Data Privacy 432 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting 433 Segmentation 434 Monitoring and Policy 434 Legacy 802.11 Security 434 Legacy Authentication 435 Static WEP Encryption 436 MAC Filters 438 SSID Cloaking 439 Robust Security 440 Robust Security Network (RSN) 441 Authentication and Authorization 442 PSK Authentication 442 Proprietary PSK Authentication 443 802.1X/EAP Framework 445 EAP Types 448 Dynamic Encryption-Key Generation 448 4-Way Handshake 450 WPA/WPA2-Personal 451 TKIP Encryption 451 CCMP Encryption 452 Traffic Segmentation 454 VLANs 454 RBAC 454 Infrastructure Security 456 Physical Security 456 Interface Security 456 VPN Wireless Security 457 Layer 3 VPNs 457 SSL VPN 458 VPN Deployment 458 Guest WLAN Security 459 Captive Portal 460 Summary 462 Exam Essentials 462 Review Questions 464 Chapter 14 Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy 469 Wireless Attacks 470 Rogue Wireless Devices 471 Peer-to-Peer Attacks 474 Eavesdropping 475 Encryption Cracking 478 Authentication Attacks 478 MAC Spoofing 480 Management Interface Exploits 481 Wireless Hijacking 482 Denial of Service (DoS) 483 Vendor-Specific Attacks 485 Social Engineering 485 Intrusion Monitoring 486 Wireless Intrusion Detection System 486 Wireless Intrusion Prevention System (WIPS) 489 Mobile WIDS 491 Spectrum Analyzer 492 Wireless Security Policy 493 General Security Policy 494 Functional Security Policy 494 Legislative Compliance 495 802.11 Wireless Policy Recommendations 496 Summary 497 Exam Essentials 497 Review Questions 498 Contents xxi Chapter 15 Radio Frequency Site Survey Fundamentals 503 WLAN Site Survey Interview 504 Customer Briefing 504 Business Requirements 505 Capacity and Coverage Requirements 506 Existing Wireless Network 509 Infrastructure Connectivity 510 Security Expectations 512 Guest Access 512 Documents and Reports 513 Forms and Customer Documentation 513 Deliverables 515 Additional Reports 516 Vertical Market Considerations 517 Outdoor Surveys 517 Aesthetics 519 Government 519 Education 520 Healthcare 520 Hotspots 521 Retail 521 Warehouses 521 Manufacturing 522 Multitenant Buildings 522 Summary 523 Exam Essentials 523 Review Questions 524 Chapter 16 Site Survey Systems and Devices 529 Site Survey Defined 530 Protocol and Spectrum Analysis 531 Spectrum Analysis 532 Coverage Analysis 536 AP Placement and Configuration 541 Application Analysis 543 Site Survey Tools 544 Indoor Site Survey Tools 544 Outdoor Site Survey Tools 546 Coverage Analysis 549 Manual 549 Predictive 551 Self-Organizing Wireless LANs 552 Summary 553 Exam Essentials 554 Review Questions 555 Chapter 17 Power over Ethernet (PoE) 561 History of PoE 562 Nonstandard PoE 563 IEEE 802.3af 563 IEEE Std. 802.3-2005, Clause 33 563 IEEE 802.3at-2009 563 An Overview of PoE Devices 564 Powered Device 564 Power-Sourcing Equipment 566 Endpoint PSE 567 Midspan PSE 570 Power-Sourcing Equipment Pin Assignments 573 Planning and Deploying PoE 574 Power Planning 574 Redundancy 575 802.11n and PoE 577 Summary 578 Exam Essentials 578 Review Questions 579 Chapter 18 High Throughput (HT) and 802.11n 583 802.11n-2009 Amendment 585 Wi-Fi Alliance Certification 586 MIMO 588 Radio Chains 589 Spatial Multiplexing (SM) 590 MIMO Diversity 591 Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) 592 Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD) 593 Transmit Beamforming (TxBF) 593 HT Channels 596 20 MHz Non-HT and HT Channels 596 40 MHz Channels 597 Forty MHz Intolerant 600 Guard Interval (GI) 600 Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) 601 HT PHY 604 Non-HT Legacy 605 HT Mixed 606 HT Greenfield 606 HT MAC 606 A-MSDU 607 A-MPDU 608 Block Acknowledgment 609 Reduced Interframe Space 609 HT Power Management 610 HT Operation 611 20/40 Channel Operation 611 HT Protection Modes (0--3) 611 RTS/CTS and CTS-to-Self 612 Summary 613 Exam Essentials 614 Review Questions 615 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 619 Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals 620 Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals 622 Chapter 3: Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics 623 Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts 626 Chapter 5: IEEE 802.11 Standards 627 Chapter 6: Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies 629 Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Topologies 631 Chapter 8: 802.11 Medium Access 633 Chapter 9: 802.11 MAC Architecture 635 Chapter 10: WLAN Architecture 637 Chapter 11: WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets 639 Chapter 12: WLAN Troubleshooting 641 Chapter 13: 802.11 Network Security Architecture 644 Chapter 14: Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy 646 Chapter 15: Radio Frequency Site Survey Fundamentals 649 Chapter 16: Site Survey Systems and Devices 651 Chapter 17: Power over Ethernet (PoE) 653 Chapter 18: High Throughput (HT) and 802.11n 655 Appendix B Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Regulations 659 Certifications 660 Organizations and Regulations 660 Measurements 661 Technical Terms 662 Power Regulations 672 2.4 GHz ISM Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) Communications 672 5 GHz UNII Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) Communications 672 2.4 GHz ISM Point-to-Point (PtP) Communications 673 5 GHz UNII Point-to-Point (PtP) Communications 674 Appendix C About the Additional Study Tools 675 Additional Study Tools 676 Sybex Test Engine 676 Electronic Flashcards 676 PDF of Glossary of Terms 676 Adobe Reader 676 System Requirements 677 Using the Study Tools 677 Troubleshooting 677 Customer Care 678 Index 679
