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These conflicting interpretations, dubbed the Pius Wars, are often narrow in focus, lack objectivity, and have shed more heat than light. Written by one of the foremost historians of Pius XII, the present biographical study, unlike the greater part of the vast and growing historiography of Pope Pius XII, is a balanced and nonreactive account of his life and times. Its focus is not on the pope’s silence during the Holocaust, though it does address the issue in a historical and objective framework. This is a biography of the man as well as the pope. It probes the roots of his traditionalism and legalism, his approach to modernity and reformism in Church and society, and the influences behind his policies and actions. 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Unlike many earlier studies of the papacy, which examine this unique institution as a self-contained unit and concentrate upon its role within the church, this study examines this key religious institution within the broader framework of national and international political, diplomatic, social, and economic events. 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This concise one-volume encyclopedia provides entries on most if not all of the dictators who have emerged worldwide since the time of Napoleon. Arranged in an A-Z format, these entries provide the basic facts on the formation and development of the dictatorships as well as references for further reading. The volume will prove indispensable to high school and college students as well as librarians wanting to know more about these individuals, many of whom are not included in the older biographical studies.\u003cbr\u003e Dictators discussed include: Pol Pot, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Ferdinand Marcos, Napoleon Bonaparte, Maximilien Robespierre, Antonio de Salazar, Slobodan Milosevich, Muammar al Quaddafi, Josef Stalin, Leonid Brezhnev, Juan Peron, Manuel Noriega, Fulgencio Battista, Saddam Hussein, Adolf Hitler, and many more. 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