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Random                  violence, mass migration,  disease, and  starvation were the only way of life. This is                 the picture of the Dark Ages that most                           historians  promote. But archaeology tells a      different story. Peter S. Wells, one of the                     world's leading  archaeologists, surveys the archaeological record to demonstrate that the                Dark Ages were not dark at all.  The kingdoms of                  Christendom  that emerged starting in the ninth     century sprang from a robust, previously                    little-known, European  culture, albeit one that                  left  behind few written texts. This recently            recognized culture achieved heights in artistry,                technology, craft  production, commerce, and  learning. 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In AD 9, a Roman traitor led an army of barbarians who trapped and then slaughtered three entire Roman legions: 20,000 men, half the Roman army in Europe. If not for this battle, the Roman Empire would surely have expanded to the Elbe River, and probably eastward into present-day Russia. But after this defeat, the shocked Romans ended all efforts to expand beyond the Rhine, which became the fixed border between Rome and Germania for the next 400 years, and which remains the cultural border between Latin western Europe and Germanic central and eastern Europe today. This fascinating narrative introduces us to the key protagonists: the emperor Augustus, the most powerful of the Caesars; his general Varus, who was the wrong man in the wrong place; and the barbarian leader Arminius, later celebrated as the first German hero. 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