{"title":"Sadi Carnot","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"reflections-on-the-motive-power-of-fire-book-sadi-carnot-9780486446417","title":"Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire","description":"Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, along with other papers in this volume, laid the foundation of modern thermodynamics. Highly readable, Reflections contains no arguments that depend on calculus, consisting mostly of statements couched in exact language. It represents a tribute to Carnot's capacity to generalize, and to see fundamental processes at work in complex mechanisms.\u003cbr\u003eReflections on the Motive Power of Fire examines the relation between heat and the work done by heat in high- and low-pressure steam engines, air-engines, and an internal combustion machine. Carnot established conditions for the economical working of these engines and invented the closed cycle of operations. He realized that in any engine, the amount of work done by heat is determined solely by the range of temperature through which it fell in the operation. He extended the ideas of his father, Lazare Carnot, on mechanics to thermal processes, deriving statements on the impossibility of perpetual motion and the need to avoid irreversible changes.\u003cbr\u003eLittle notice was paid to this book upon its 1824 publication; ten years later, Emile Clapeyron's more analytical paper on the same subject received wider attention. This English translation includes selections from Carnot's posthumous manuscripts and a paper by Rudolf Clausius that rewrote Carnot's results in a terminology that distinguished between change of entropy and quantity of heat.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49569091158289,"sku":"GOR003770009","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50797726892305,"sku":"CIN0486446417VG","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51002861879569,"sku":"NIN9780486446417","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0486446417.jpg?v=1751007240"},{"product_id":"reflections-on-the-motive-power-of-heat-book-sadi-carnot-9781015693845","title":"Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51013637505297,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51013640028433,"sku":"NIN9781015693845","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1015693849.jpg?v=1750917497"},{"product_id":"reflections-on-the-motive-power-of-heat-book-sadi-carnot-9781015698352","title":"Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51127956865297,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51127963484433,"sku":"NIN9781015698352","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1015698352.jpg?v=1751365251"},{"product_id":"betrachtungen-uber-die-bewegende-kraft-des-feuers-book-sadi-carnot-9781168025173","title":"Betrachtungen Uber Die Bewegende Kraft Des Feuers","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51639436345617,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51639436476689,"sku":"NIN9781168025173","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1168025176.jpg?v=1750920195"},{"product_id":"betrachtungen-uber-die-bewegende-kraft-des-feuers-book-sadi-carnot-9781160808309","title":"Betrachtungen Uber Die Bewegende Kraft Des Feuers","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51644874555665,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51644874817809,"sku":"NIN9781160808309","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1160808309.jpg?v=1751367664"},{"product_id":"reflexions-sur-la-puissance-motrice-du-feu-et-sur-les-machines-propres-a-develop-book-sadi-carnot-9781162399836","title":"Reflexions Sur La Puissance Motrice Du Feu Et Sur Les Machines Propres A Developper Cette Puissance (1824)","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51647466832145,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51647467028753,"sku":"NIN9781162399836","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/116239983X.jpg?v=1751400556"},{"product_id":"chemins-de-fer-de-l-etat-book-sadi-carnot-9781161033069","title":"Chemins De Fer De L'Etat","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51656066367761,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51656066597137,"sku":"NIN9781161033069","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1161033068.jpg?v=1750792582"},{"product_id":"betrachtungen-uber-die-bewegende-kraft-des-feuers-book-sadi-carnot-9783528085421","title":"Betrachtungen über die bewegende Kraft des Feuers","description":"von Robert Fox* Nach ihrem Erscheinen im Jahr 1824 blieb Sadi Carnots Schrift, Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu fast zwanzig Jahre lang weitgehend unbeachtet. Erst in den vierziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts wurden unabhangig voneinander Rudolf Clausius und William Thomson auf d Buch aufmerksam und lenkten das Interesse der Physiker auf dessen Inhalt, den sie als grundlegende Etablierung des neuen Wissenschaftszweiges der Thermodynamik ansahen. Thomsons Wertschatzung der Allgemeingilltigkeit von Carnots Darstellung fie I besonders wohlwollend aus. So schreibt er 1849: Nichts im gesamten Bereich der Naturwissenschaften ist bemer- kenswerter als die Postulierung von allgemein gilltigen Gesetzen durch einen solchen Akt der Gedankenftihrung.  Trotz dieser hohen Wertschiitzung und trotz der An- wen dung von Carnots Ideen durch alle ftihrenden Pioniere der Thermodynamik in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bekam man erst nach 1870 einen leichteren Zugang zum Text der Reflexions Er wurde zweimal in franzosischer Sprache nachge- druckt, wobei einige der wichtigsten Aufzeichnungen aus Carnots Manuskripten (vgl. Anhang II) erstmalig publiziert wurden. Die Aufzeichnungen zeigten, wie Carnot selbstandig den grundlegenden Irrtum in den Reflexions aufgedeckt hatte, als er seine Argumentation aus der Ansicht entwickelt, daB bei allen betrachteten Vorgiingen die Wiirme (oder der Wiirmestoff) erhalten bleibe. Einige Zeit vor seinem Tode im Jahr 1832 war er zu dem vollig andersartigen SchluB gekommen, Wiirme und mechanische Arbeit seien in einem konstanten Verhiiltnis ineinander umwan- delbar. Dieses konstante Verhiiltnis kennen wir heute als das mechanische Wiirme- iiquivalent.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52663432642833,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52663433396497,"sku":"NLS9783528085421","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9783528085421.jpg?v=1762272018"},{"product_id":"reflexions-sur-la-puissance-motrice-du-feu-et-sur-les-machines-propres-a-develop-book-sadi-carnot-9782019963767","title":"Réflexions Sur La Puissance Motrice Du Feu Et Sur Les Machines Propres À Développer Cette Puissance","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52759522738449,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52759523229969,"sku":"NIN9782019963767","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9782019963767.jpg?v=1763584169"},{"product_id":"reflexions-sur-la-puissance-motrice-du-feu-et-sur-les-machines-propres-a-develop-book-sadi-carnot-9781498180795","title":"Reflexions Sur La Puissance Motrice Du Feu Et Sur Les Machines Propres a Developper Cette Puissance (1824)","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52780635095313,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52780635980049,"sku":"NIN9781498180795","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781498180795.jpg?v=1763980617"},{"product_id":"betrachtungen-uber-die-bewegende-kraft-des-feuers-book-sadi-carnot-9781168867834","title":"Betrachtungen Uber Die Bewegende Kraft Des Feuers","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":53018546438417,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53018546471185,"sku":"NIN9781168867834","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781168867834.jpg?v=1768264152"},{"product_id":"reflections-on-the-motive-power-of-fire-book-sadi-carnot-9780719017414","title":"Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":53465085051153,"sku":"GOR014933696","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":53466977861905,"sku":"GOR013417489","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780719017414.jpg?v=1777194816"},{"product_id":"reflexions-sur-la-puissance-motrice-du-feu-et-sur-les-machines-propres-a-develop-book-sadi-carnot-9781167461958","title":"Reflexions Sur La Puissance Motrice Du Feu Et Sur Les Machines Propres A Developper Cette Puissance (1824)","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53570259714321,"sku":"NIN9781167461958","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781167461958.jpg?v=1782851216"},{"product_id":"reflexions-sur-la-puissance-motrice-du-feu-et-sur-les-machines-propres-a-develop-book-sadi-carnot-9781015754041","title":"Reflexions Sur La Puissance Motrice Du Feu Et Sur Les Machines Propres A Developper Cette Puissance","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53571897229585,"sku":"NIN9781015754041","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781015754041.jpg?v=1779157041"},{"product_id":"reflexions-sur-la-puissance-motrice-du-feu-et-sur-les-machines-propres-a-develop-book-sadi-carnot-9781015744936","title":"Reflexions Sur La Puissance Motrice Du Feu Et Sur Les Machines Propres A Developper Cette Puissance","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53576879538449,"sku":"NIN9781015744936","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781015744936.jpg?v=1779281915"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.worldofbooks.com\/en-gb\/collections\/author-books-by-sadi-carnot.oembed","provider":"World of Books ","version":"1.0","type":"link"}