{"title":"T J Pandian","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"evolution-and-speciation-in-animals-book-t-j-pandian-9781032009193","title":"Evolution and Speciation in Animals","description":"This book represents the first attempt to quantify environmental factors and life history traits that accelerate or decelerate species diversity in animals. About 15%, 8% and 77% of species are distributed in marine (70% of earth’s surface), freshwater (\u0026lt; 1%) and terrestrial (~ 29%) habitats. Hence, the terra firma fosters more diversity. The harsh hadal, desert and elevated montane habitats restrict diversity to 0.5-4.2%. Costing more time and energy, osmotrophic and suspension modes of food acquisition limit diversity to \u0026lt; 20%. In minor phyletics, evolution has proceeded from a ‘wrong combination’ of low motility and gonochorism to sessility and hermaphroditism. The motile major phyletics are more speciose (166,279 species\/phylum) than the latter (1,975 species\/phylum). As evolution and speciation are driven by motility, sessility is limited to 2.9% animals.  Selfing hermaphrodites (0.9%), parthenogens (\u0026lt; 0.6%) and clonals (~ 2%) miss meiosis and\/or fertilization. Unable to tolerate them together, animals mutually eliminate parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism as well as parthenogenesis and cloning from each other. In clonals, colonial budding (94%) is more common than costlier fragmentation in solitary clonals. The newly proposed hypothesis explains that each stem cell plays an additive role and the required mass of stem cells differs for cloning and regeneration.  Incidence of heterogamety is four-times more in males than in females. Hence, evolution is more a male-driven process. Egg size is determined by environmental factors, but lecithality is genetically fixed. In poikilotherms, sex is also determined by gene(s), but differentiation by environmental factors. The extra-ovarian vitellogenesis (\u0026gt; 96%), spermatozoan (81%) rather than spermatophore mechanism of sperm transfer, promiscuity and polygamy over monogamy, iteroparity (99.6%) over semelparity and internal fertilization (84%) are preferred, as they accelerate diversity. Body size and egg size determine fecundity. Indirect life cycle (82%) and incorporation of feeding larval stages accelerate diversity. Brooding and viviparity (6.4%) decelerate it. Parasitism extends life span and liberates fecundity from eutelism.  Evolution is an ongoing process, and speciation and extinction are its unavoidable by-products. The in-built conservation mechanism of reviving life after a sleeping duration has been reduced from a few million years in microbial spores to a few thousand years in plant seeds and a few hundred years in dormant eggs in animals. Hence, animal conservation requires priority. The existence of temperature-resistant\/insensitive individuals, strains and species shall flourish during the ongoing global warming and earth shall continue with such burgeoning species, hopefully inclusive of man.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51272778842385,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51272780579089,"sku":"NIN9781032009193","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52583757447441,"sku":"NLS9781032009193","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1032009195.jpg?v=1751268498"},{"product_id":"reproduction-and-development-in-echinodermata-and-prochordata-book-t-j-pandian-9780367781347","title":"Reproduction and Development in Echinodermata and Prochordata","description":"Echinoderms and prochordates occupy a key position in vertebrate evolution. The genomes of sea urchin share 70% homology with humans. Researches on cell cycle in sea urchin and phagocytosis in asteroids have fetched Nobel Prizes. In this context, this book assumes immense importance. Echinoderms are unique, as their symmetry is bilateral in larvae but pentamerous radial in adults. The latter has eliminated the development of an anterior head and bilateral appendages. Further, the obligate need to face the substratum for locomotion and acquisition of food has eliminated their planktonic and nektonic existence. Egg size, a decisive factor in recruitment, increases with decreasing depths up to 2,000-5,000 m in lecithotrophic asteroids and ophiuroids but remains constant in their planktotrophics. Smaller (\u0026lt; 18 mm) ophiuroids do not produce a lecithotrophic eggs but larger (\u0026gt; 110 mm) asteroids generate planktotrophic eggs only. Publications on sex ratio of echinoderms indicate the genetic determination of sex at fertilization but those on hybridization, karyotype and ploidy induction do not provide evidence for heterogametism. But the herbivorous echinoids and larvacea with their gonads harboring both germ cells and Nutritive Phagocytes (NPs) have economized the transportation and hormonal costs on gonadal function. Despite the amazing potential just 2 and 3% of echinoderms undergo clonal reproduction and regeneration, respectively. Fission is triggered, when adequate reserve nutrients are accumulated. It is the most prevalent mode of clonal reproduction in holothuroids, asteroids and ophiuroids. However, budding is a more prevalent mode of clonal reproduction in colonial hemichordates and urochordates. In echinoderms, fission and budding eliminate each other. Similarly, autoregulation of early development eliminates clonal reproduction in echinoids and solitary urochordates. In pterobranchs, thaliaceans and ascidians, the repeated and rapid budding leads to colonial formation. Coloniality imposes reductions in species number and body size, generation time and life span, gonad number and fecundity as well as switching from gonochorism to simultaneous hermaphorditism and oviparity to ovoviviparity\/viviparity.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51274470162705,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51274472325393,"sku":"NIN9780367781347","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52428502302993,"sku":"NLS9780367781347","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0367781344.jpg?v=1751134250"},{"product_id":"reproduction-and-development-in-annelida-book-t-j-pandian-9780367780326","title":"Reproduction and Development in Annelida","description":"This book is a concise informative elucidation of all aspects of reproduction and development in annelids covering from arenicola to tubifex. Annelids flourish between 4,900 m depth to 2,000 m altitude; some of them occur in unusual habitats like hydrothermal vents and subterranean aquatic system (stigobionts). A few have no gut and acquire adequate nutrients through osmotrophism and\/or engaging symbiotic microbes. In the absence of exoskeleton to escape predation, the 17,000 speciose annelids have explored bewildering modes of reproduction; not surprisingly, 42–47% of them are brooders. With 13,000 species, polychaetes are gonochores but some 207 species of them are hermaphrodites. Clitellates are all hermaphrodites; of them, 76 species are parthenogens, of which 56 are earthworms.    Regenerative potency of annelids ranges from an organ to an entire worm from a single ‘seminal’ segment. The head, tail and both together can be regenerated 21, 42 and 20 times, respectively. However, the potency is limited to ~1% of polychaetes and \u0026lt; 2% of oligochaetes. In oligochaetes, the chloragogue temporally separates regeneration and reproduction but sedentary polychaetes undertake them together at the reduced reproductive output. Only 79 polychaete and 111 oligochaete species have the potency for clonal reproduction. Within families, the potency ranges from 2% in spionids to 54% in naidids. Epitoky, a spectacular and unique phenomenon, involves the transformation from benthic to meroplanktonic reproductive morphism. It occurs in 106 errant polychaete species. The larger glycerides, nereidids and eunicids use muscular energy to climb \u0026lt; 50 m vertical distance. But the small phyllodocids and cteniodrilids may reduce buoyancy to climb 1,000–4,000 m vertical distance.    Heterogamatic sex determination is reported to occur only in six polychaete species, although karyotype is known for 83 annelid species. In temperate polychaetes, a dozen neuroendocrines, arising mostly from the ‘brain’ regulates reproductive cycle. A complete chapter devoted to vermiculture, (i) recognizes the fast-growing candidate species, (ii) distinguishes 'layers' from 'brooders', (iii) indicates that the harvest of oligochaetes may reduce the input of nitrogenous fertilizer in the ricefield, and (iv) explores the scope for increasing wealth from waste.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51274473275665,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51274475602193,"sku":"NIN9780367780326","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52432353165585,"sku":"NLS9780367780326","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0367780321.jpg?v=1751260139"},{"product_id":"reproduction-and-development-in-mollusca-book-t-j-pandian-9780367782061","title":"Reproduction and Development in Mollusca","description":"This book is perhaps the first attempt to comprehensively project the uniqueness of molluscs, covering almost all aspects of reproduction and development from aplacophorans to vampyromorphic cephalopods. Molluscs are unique for the presence of protective external shell, defensive inking, geographic distribution from the depth of 9,050 m to an altitude of 4,300 m, gamete diversity, the use of nurse eggs and embryos to accelerate the first few mitotic divisions in embryos, the natural occurrence of androgenics in a couple of bivalves, viable induced tetraploids, gigantism induced by elevated ploidy, the complementary role played by mitochondrial genome in sex determination by nuclear genes and the uptake and accumulation of steroid hormone from surrounding waters. In molluscs, sexuality comprises of gonochorism (\u0026lt; 75 %) and hermaphroditism, which itself includes simultaneous (\u0026gt; 24%), protandry (\u0026lt; 1 %), Marian and serial. In them, the presence of shell affords iteroparity and relatively longer life span in prosobranchs and bivalves but its absence semelparity and short life span in opisthobranchs and cephalopods. Within semelparity, gonochorism facilitates faster growth and larger body size but hermaphroditism small body size. In them, sex is irrevocably determined at fertilization by a few unknown genes and is not amenable to any environmental influence. However, the sex determining mechanism is more a family trait in bivalves. Primary sex differentiation is also fixed and not amenable to environmental factor but secondary differentiation is labile, protracted and amenable to environmental factors. Both sex differentiation and reproductive cycle are accomplished and controlled solely by neurohormones. In these processes, the role of steroid hormones may be alien to molluscs.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51274480976145,"sku":"NIN9780367782061","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52432532341009,"sku":"NLS9780367782061","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0367782065.jpg?v=1751292350"},{"product_id":"fish-genetics-and-aquaculture-biotechnology-book-t-j-pandian-9781578083725","title":"Fish Genetics and Aquaculture Biotechnology","description":"To feed the growing world population, water is looked upon as a major source of food production. This book is an attempt to bring out a comprehensive volume on Fish Transgenesis, Chromosome Engineering and Sex Control, Molecular Endocrinology, Microbal Diseases and Vaccines, and Bioactive Compounds.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51279347548433,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51279349481745,"sku":"NIN9781578083725","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52691082838289,"sku":"NLS9781578083725","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1578083729.jpg?v=1750926457"},{"product_id":"reproduction-and-development-in-minor-phyla-book-t-j-pandian-9780367523367","title":"Reproduction and Development in Minor Phyla","description":"The 26 recognized minor phyla comprise aberrant clades, as most of them terminate as blind offshoots. Untied from the discussion on their phylogenesis of minor phyla, this book is largely devoted, for the first time, to aspects of reproduction and development in minor phyletics. The minor phyla are not as speciose (1,795 species\/phylum) as the major phyla (157,066 species\/phylum) are. The accumulation of deleterious genes causes inbreeding depression among progenies arising from parthenogenesis, clonal multiplication and selfing hermaphrodites. The reason for the limited species diversity in minor phyla is traced to (i) eutelism in 65.7% of minor phyletics and (ii) existence of 21.6% clonals, (iii) 6.4% parthenogens and (iv) 1.2% selfing hermaphroditism. Gonochorism obligately requires motility to search for a mate. The combination of low motility and gonochorism from Placozoa to hemocoelomatic minor phyla has limited diversity to \u0026lt; 1,000 species. Over 19% of minor phyletics are hermaphrodites. With the need to manifest and maintain dual sexuality, fecundity of hermaphrodites may be reduced to 50% of that in gonochores. Adopting an array of strategies, \u0026lt; 100 hermaphrodites are selfers. In eutelics, mitotic division is ceased in somatic cells after hatching. For the first time, the prevalence of eutelism has been brought to light in numbers of all the six pseudocoelomate phyla and priapulids. Eutelism limits fecundity to 30–300 eggs in free-living pseudocoelomates, priapulids and possibly other hemocoelomates. In them, sperm production is less than that of egg production; as a result, a large fraction of their eggs is sterile. With a high proportion of non-eutelic gametic cells (35%), Nematoda and possibly Nematomorpha and Acanthocephala are more fecund than rotifers, in which the proportion is 15%. Briefly, the reasons for the limited species diversity in minor phyletics are traced to eutelism, parthenogenesis and clonal multiplication. Surprisingly, parthenogenesis and clonal multiplication mutually eliminate each other. This is also true of hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis. However, clonal multiplication is prevalent from structurally simplest Placozoa to the most complex Ascidiacea, except in pseudocoelomates and hemocoelomates. A limited number of cells and cell types, and the consequent structural simplicity facilitate manifestation of parthenogenesis in pseudocoelomates and parasitism in Mesozoa, Myxozoa, 59% of Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala and Pentastomida. Despite hermaphroditism, Bryozoa (5,700 species) and Ascidiacea (3,000 species) are speciose among minor phyla. For the first time, the importance of fusion of fragments or colonies – an event equivalent to gamete fusion at fertilization – is recognized as a source of new gene combination. Besides, the colonies in these minor phyla degenerate and regenerate more or less regularly. Only the fittest degenerated colonies may be rejuvenated and regenerated.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51306041540881,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51306043441425,"sku":"NIN9780367523367","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52521290465553,"sku":"NLS9780367523367","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0367523361.jpg?v=1781950356"},{"product_id":"evolution-and-speciation-in-fungi-and-eukaryotic-biodiversity-book-t-j-pandian-9781032421438","title":"Evolution and Speciation in Fungi and Eukaryotic Biodiversity","description":"Being sessiles like autotrophic plants and heterotrophics as animals, fungi are fascinating eukaryotes. In them, the need for external digestion has demanded surface expansion and limited tissues to \u0026lt; eight types. To reproduce, 96% fungi engage spores. Being 800 times denser than air, water renders the spore dispersal costlier. Their externally excreted digestive enzymes may rapidly be dissolved in water. These have limited 96% fungi to land. As 90% fungi are clonals, and only 1,400 species are erected\/y (year), their number may not exceed 260,000 species over the next 100 y. Mating types arising from homothallic basidium and their risky external fertilization in air have limited diversity to 23,975 species in Basidiomycota. Contrastingly, heterothallism and safer internal fertilization have accelerated it to 77,083 species in Ascomycotina. About 46, 40 and 14% fungi are decomposers, parasites and symbionts. Fungal ability to decompose in dry soil is 10 times greater than that of bacteria. Volume of dead plants decomposed by fungi is ~ 38 g carbon\/m2\/y. The mycorrhizas facilitate 85% angiosperms to acquire water and minerals, enhance productivity and fight against drought and pollutants. During the geological past, lichens have weathered rock and formed the present landscape. Only 121 fungal species excrete digestive enzymes to meet industrial demand. The beneficial fungi contribute 1,000 billion US$. Parasitic fungi cause 1.6 million human deaths and \u0026gt; 20% loss of commercial crops. Despite their ecological and economic importance, no university offers a degree course in Mycology. For 2,056,907 eukaryotic species, this book elaborates the role played by environmental factors (i) spatial distribution, (ii) light-temperature, (iii) precipitation-liquid water and biological attributes, (iv) cellularity, (v) symmetry, (vi) clonality, (vii) sexuality, (viii) modality and (ix) motility that either accelerate or decelerate biodiversity. About 20 and 80% eukaryotes are aquatics and terrestrials. Decreasing light intensity and temperature reduce diversity from the equator toward the polar zones. Water availability also reduces the diversity from 5.4 - 65.5 species\/km2 in tropical evergreen forests to \u0026lt; 0.0045 species\/km2 in deserts and polar zones. Unicellularity and radial symmetry decelerate the diversity to \u0026lt; 2 and \u0026lt; 26%, respectively. Increase in tissue types from \u0026lt; nine in lower eukaryotes to \u0026gt; 200 in mammals reduces clonality from 100 to 0%. Strategies developed by eukaryotes reduce selfing by \u0026lt; 24% in plants and \u0026lt; 1% in metazoans.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51651517317393,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51651517448465,"sku":"NIN9781032421438","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52596453966097,"sku":"NLS9781032421438","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1032421436.jpg?v=1750751506"},{"product_id":"evolution-and-speciation-in-fungi-and-eukaryotic-biodiversity-book-t-j-pandian-9781032421414","title":"Evolution and Speciation in Fungi and Eukaryotic Biodiversity","description":"Being sessiles like autotrophic plants and heterotrophics as animals, fungi are fascinating eukaryotes. In them, the need for external digestion has demanded surface expansion and limited tissues to \u0026lt; eight types. To reproduce, 96% fungi engage spores. Being 800 times denser than air, water renders the spore dispersal costlier. Their externally excreted digestive enzymes may rapidly be dissolved in water. These have limited 96% fungi to land. As 90% fungi are clonals, and only 1,400 species are erected\/y (year), their number may not exceed 260,000 species over the next 100 y. Mating types arising from homothallic basidium and their risky external fertilization in air have limited diversity to 23,975 species in Basidiomycota. Contrastingly, heterothallism and safer internal fertilization have accelerated it to 77,083 species in Ascomycotina. About 46, 40 and 14% fungi are decomposers, parasites and symbionts. Fungal ability to decompose in dry soil is 10 times greater than that of bacteria. Volume of dead plants decomposed by fungi is ~ 38 g carbon\/m2\/y. The mycorrhizas facilitate 85% angiosperms to acquire water and minerals, enhance productivity and fight against drought and pollutants. During the geological past, lichens have weathered rock and formed the present landscape. Only 121 fungal species excrete digestive enzymes to meet industrial demand. The beneficial fungi contribute 1,000 billion US$. Parasitic fungi cause 1.6 million human deaths and \u0026gt; 20% loss of commercial crops. Despite their ecological and economic importance, no university offers a degree course in Mycology. For 2,056,907 eukaryotic species, this book elaborates the role played by environmental factors (i) spatial distribution, (ii) light-temperature, (iii) precipitation-liquid water and biological attributes, (iv) cellularity, (v) symmetry, (vi) clonality, (vii) sexuality, (viii) modality and (ix) motility that either accelerate or decelerate biodiversity. About 20 and 80% eukaryotes are aquatics and terrestrials. Decreasing light intensity and temperature reduce diversity from the equator toward the polar zones. Water availability also reduces the diversity from 5.4 - 65.5 species\/km2 in tropical evergreen forests to \u0026lt; 0.0045 species\/km2 in deserts and polar zones. Unicellularity and radial symmetry decelerate the diversity to \u0026lt; 2 and \u0026lt; 26%, respectively. Increase in tissue types from \u0026lt; nine in lower eukaryotes to \u0026gt; 200 in mammals reduces clonality from 100 to 0%. Strategies developed by eukaryotes reduce selfing by \u0026lt; 24% in plants and \u0026lt; 1% in metazoans.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52135196754193,"sku":"NLS9781032421414","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":53656537366801,"sku":"NIN9781032421414","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9781032421414.jpg?v=1757547752"},{"product_id":"evolution-and-speciation-in-animals-book-t-j-pandian-9781032009209","title":"Evolution and Speciation in Animals","description":"The relatively more motile major phyletics have evolved more toward species diversity, while the relatively low motile or sessile minor phyletics have gone for more phylum diversity. 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It focuses on the study of the primordial and embryonic stem cells found in echinoderms as early models for gene therapy in vertebrates.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52403247284497,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52403247874321,"sku":"NLS9780815364726","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780815364726.jpg?v=1758760322"},{"product_id":"sex-determination-in-fish-book-t-j-pandian-9781578087488","title":"Sex Determination in Fish","description":"This book is the first to report that research in allogenics\/xenogenics has conclusively shown that fishes have retained bisexual potency even after sexual maturity and spermiation. 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