Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix Nomenclature xxi Chapter 1: Introduction to Separation Process Engineering 1
1.1. Importance of Separations 1
1.2. Concept of Equilibrium 2
1.3. Mass Transfer 4
1.4. Problem-Solving Methods 5
1.5. Prerequisite Material 7
1.6. Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering 8
1.7. Summary-Objectives 9
References 9
Homework 10
Chapter 2: Flash Distillation 12
2.1. Basic Method of Flash Distillation 12
2.2. Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data 14
2.3. Graphical Representation of Binary VLE 16
2.4. Binary Flash Distillation 21
2.5. Multicomponent VLE 29
2.6. Multicomponent Flash Distillation 34
2.7. Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence 40
2.8. Size Calculation 45
2.9. Utilizing Existing Flash Drums 49
2.10. Summary-Objectives 50
References 51
Homework 52
Appendix: Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation 59
Chapter 3: Introduction to Column Distillation 65
3.1. Developing a Distillation Cascade 65
3.2. Distillation Equipment 72
3.3. Specifications 74
3.4. External Column Balances 76
3.5. Summary-Objectives 81
References 81
Homework 81
Chapter 4: Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances 86
4.1. Internal Balances 86
4.2. Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods 90
4.3. Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method 97
4.4. Feed Line 101
4.5. Complete McCabe-Thiele Method 109
4.6. Profiles for Binary Distillation 112
4.7. Open Steam Heating 114
4.8. General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure 118
4.9. Other Distillation Column Situations 125
4.10. Limiting Operating Conditions 130
4.11. Efficiencies 133
4.12. Simulation Problems 135
4.13. New Uses for Old Columns 136
4.14. Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup 138
4.15. Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods 140
4.16. Summary-Objectives 142
References 143
Homework 144
Appendix: Computer Simulations for Binary Distillation 157
Chapter 5: Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation 161
5.1. Calculational Difficulties 161
5.2. Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation 167
5.3. Summary-Objectives 172
References 172
Homework 172
Chapter 6: Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation 176
6.1. Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation 176
6.2. Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form 178
6.3. Initial Guess for Flow Rates 181
6.4. Bubble-Point Calculations 181
6.5. -Method of Convergence 184
6.6. Energy Balances in Matrix Form 191
6.7. Summary-Objectives 194
References 195
Homework 195
Appendix: Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation 200
Chapter 7: Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 205
7.1. Total Reflux: Fenske Equation 205
7.2. Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations 210
7.3. Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratio 215
7.4. Summary-Objectives 219
References 219
Homework 220
Chapter 8: Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods 225
8.1. Breaking Azeotropes with Other Separators 225
8.2. Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes 227
8.3. Steam Distillation 234
8.4. Two-Pressure Distillation Processes 238
8.5. Complex Ternary Distillation Systems 240
8.6. Extractive Distillation 246
8.7. Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent 251
8.8. Distillation with Chemical Reaction 254
8.9. Summary-Objectives 258
References 259
Homework 260
Appendix: Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems 270
Chapter 9: Batch Distillation 276
9.1. Binary Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation 278
9.2. Simple Binary Batch Distillation 279
9.3. Constant-Level Batch Distillation 283
9.4. Batch Steam Distillation 284
9.5. Multistage Batch Distillation 285
9.6. Operating Time 291
9.7. Summary-Objectives 292
References 292
Homework 293
Chapter 10: Staged and Packed Column Design 301
10.1. Staged Column Equipment Description 301
10.2. Tray Efficiencies 309
10.3. Column Diameter Calculations 314
10.4. Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics 320
10.5. Valve Tray Design 327
10.6. Introduction to Packed Column Design 329
10.7. Packed Column Internals 329
10.8. Height of Packing: HETP Method 331
10.9. Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation 333
10.10. Economic Trade-Offs 341
10.11. Summary-Objectives 345
References 345
Homework 348
Chapter 11: Economics and Energy Conservation in Distillation 354
11.1. Distillation Costs 354
11.2. Operating Effects on Costs 359
11.3. Changes in Plant Operating Rates 366
11.4. Energy Conservation in Distillation 366
11.5. Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation 370
11.6. Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems 376
11.7. Summary-Objectives 380
References 380
Homework 382
Chapter 12: Absorption and Stripping 385
12.1. Absorption and Stripping Equilibria 387
12.2. Operating Lines for Absorption 389
12.3. Stripping Analysis 394
12.4. Column Diameter 396
12.5. Analytical Solution: Kremser Equation 397
12.6. Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers 403
12.7. Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers 406
12.8. Irreversible Absorption 410
12.9. Summary-Objectives 411
References 412
Homework 413
Appendix: Computer Simulations for Absorption and Stripping 421
Chapter 13: Immiscible Extraction, Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction 424
13.1. Extraction Processes and Equipment 424
13.2. Countercurrent Extraction 428
13.3. Dilute Fractional Extraction 435
13.4. Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction 439
13.5. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction 443
13.6. Batch Extraction 444
13.7. Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures 445
13.8. Washing 448
13.9. Leaching 452
13.10. Supercritical Fluid Extraction 454
13.11. Application to Other Separations 457
13.12. Summary-Objectives 457
References 457
Homework 459
Chapter 14: Extraction of Partially Miscible Systems 468
14.1. Extraction Equilibria 468
14.2. Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule 471
14.3. Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Systems 474
14.4. Countercurrent Extraction Cascades 477
14.5. Relationship between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams 485
14.6. Minimum Solvent Rate 486
14.7. Extraction Computer Simulations 488
14.8. Leaching with Variable Flow Rates 489
14.9. Summary-Objectives 492
References 492
Homework 493
Appendix: Computer Simulation of Extraction 499
Chapter 15: Mass Transfer Analysis 501
15.1. Basics of Mass Transfer 501
15.2. HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns 504
15.3. Relationship of HETP and HTU 511
15.4. Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Towers 513
15.5. HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers 521
15.6. HTU-NTU Analysis of Co-current Absorbers 526
15.7. Mass Transfer on a Tray 528
15.8. Summary-Objectives 531
References 531
Homework 532
Chapter 16: Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes 535
16.1. Membrane Separation Equipment 537
16.2. Membrane Concepts 541
16.3. Gas Permeation 544
16.4. Reverse Osmosis 558
16.5. Ultrafiltration 573
16.6. Pervaporation 579
16.7. Bulk Flow Pattern Effects 588
16.8. Summary-Objectives 595
References 596
Homework 597
Appendix: Spreadsheets for Flow Pattern Calculations for Gas Permeation 603
Chapter 17 Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange 609
17.1. Sorbents and Sorption Equilibrium 610
17.2. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography 621
17.3. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Thermal and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds 631
17.4. Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis 654
17.5. Ion Exchange 663
17.6. Mass and Energy Transfer 672
17.7. Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems 678
17.8. LUB Approach for Nonlinear Systems 687
17.9. Checklist for Practical Design and Operation 692
17.10. Summary-Objectives 693
References 693
Homework 696
Appendix: Introduction to the Aspen Chromatography Simulator 708
Appendix A: Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations 713
Answers to Selected Problems 715 Index 721 