{"title":"Theory And Decision Library B","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"non-additive-measure-and-integral-book-d-denneberg-9789048144044","title":"Non-Additive Measure and Integral","description":"Non-Additive Measure and Integral is the first  systematic approach to the subject. Much of the additive theory  (convergence theorems, Lebesgue spaces, representation theorems) is  generalized, at least for submodular measures which are characterized  by having a subadditive integral. 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The areas covered included topics in the analysis of repeated measurements, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, canonical cor- relations, distribution theory and testing, bivariate densi ty estimation, factor analysis, principle component analysis, multidimensional scaling, multivariate linear models, nonparametric regression, etc.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ -","offer_id":51067411431697,"sku":"","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":51067416183057,"sku":"NIN9789401082648","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52141544014097,"sku":"NLS9789401082648","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9401082642.jpg?v=1750904485"},{"product_id":"non-additive-measure-and-integral-book-d-denneberg-9780792328407","title":"Non-Additive Measure and Integral","description":"Non-Additive Measure and Integral is the first  systematic approach to the subject. 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It also contains fundamental results of  sigma-additive and finitely additive measure and integration theory  and sheds new light on additive theory.  Non-Additive Measure  and Integral employs distribution functions and quantile  functions as basis tools, thus remaining close to the familiar  language of probability theory.    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It is, therefore, not surprising that models of decisions play a very important role not only in decision theory but also in areas such as operations Research, Management science, social Psychology etc . . The basic model of a decision in classical normative decision theory has very little in common with real decision making: It portrays a decision as a clear-cut act of choice, performed by one individual decision maker and in which states of nature, possible actions, results and preferences are well and crisply defined. The only compo- nent in which uncertainty is permitted is the occurence of the different states of nature, for which probabilistic descriptions are allowed. These probabilities are generally assumed to be known numerically, i. e. as single probabili- ties or as probability distribution functions. Extensions of this basic model can primarily be conceived in three directions: 1. Rather than a single decision maker there are several decision makers involved. 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The problem has many facets and diverse implications for a number of disciplines such as economics, applied statistics, management science and information theory. This monograph discusses four major areas, which emphasize the applied economic and econometric as. pects of the production frontier analysis: A. Stochastic frontier theory, B. Data envelopment analysis, C. Clustering and estimation theory, D. Economic and managerial applications Besides containing an up-to-date survey of the mos. t recent developments in the field, the monograph presents several new results and theorems from my own research. These include but are not limited to the following: (1) interface with parametric theory, (2) minimax and robust concepts of production frontier, (3) game-theoretic extension of the Farrell and Johansen models, (4) optimal clustering techniques for data envelopment analysis and (5) the dynamic and stochastic generalizations of the efficiency frontier at the micro and macro levels. In my research work in this field I have received great support and inspiration from Professor Abraham Charnes of the University of Texas at Austin, who has basically founded the technique of data envelopment analysis, developed it and is still expanding it. My interactions with him have been most fruitful and productive. I am deeply grateful to him. Finally, I must record my deep appreciation to my wife and two children for their loving and enduring support. 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The main  subjects treated are the numerical representations of semiorders, the  generalizations of the concept to valued relations, the aggregation of  semiorders and their basic role in a general theoretical framework for  multicriteria decision-aid methods.    Audience: This volume is intended for students and researchers  in the fields of decision analysis, management science, operations  research, discrete mathematics, classification, social choice theory,  and order theory, as well as for practitioners in the design of  decision tools.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52134960365841,"sku":"NLS9780792346173","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792346173.jpg?v=1757546227"},{"product_id":"economic-and-environmental-risk-and-uncertainty-book-robert-nau-9780792345565","title":"Economic and Environmental Risk and Uncertainty","description":"Eighteen  papers by distinguished economists, management scientists, and  statisticians shed new light on phenomena such as the Allais and St.  Petersburg paradoxes, the equity premium puzzle, the demand for  insurance, the valuation of public health and safety, and  environmental goods.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52135046381841,"sku":"NLS9780792345565","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792345565.jpg?v=1757546786"},{"product_id":"advances-in-multivariate-statistical-analysis-book-arjun-k-gupta-9789027725318","title":"Advances in Multivariate Statistical Analysis","description":"The death of Professor K. C. Sreedharan Pillai on June 5, 1985 was a heavy loss to many statisticians all around the world. This volume is dedicated to his memory in recog- nition of his many contributions in multivariate statis- tical analysis. It brings together eminent statisticians Working in multivariate analysis from around the world. The research and expository papers cover a cross-section of recent developments in the field. This volume is especially useful to researchers and to those who want to keep abreast of the latest directions in multivariate statistical analysis. I am grateful to the authors from so many different countries and research institutions who contributed to this volume. I wish to express my appreciation to all those who have reviewed the papers. The list of people include Professors T. C. Chang, So-Hsiang Chou, Dipak K. Dey, Peter Hall, Yu-Sheng Hsu, J. D. Knoke, W. J. Krzanowski, Edsel Pena, Bimal K. Sinha, Dennis L. Young, Drs. K. Krishnamoorthy, D. K. Nagar, and Messrs. Alphonse Amey, Chi-Chin Chao and Samuel Ofori-Nyarko. I wish to thank Professors Shanti S. Gupta and James 0. Berger for their keen interest and encouragement. Thanks are also due to Cynthia Patterson for her help and Reidel Publishing Com any for their cooperation in bringing this volume out.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52135395229969,"sku":"NLS9789027725318","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027725318.jpg?v=1757548832"},{"product_id":"short-course-on-functional-equations-book-j-aczl-9789027723772","title":"A Short Course on Functional Equations","description":"Recently I taught short courses on functional equations at several universities (Barcelona, Bern, Graz, Hamburg, Milan, Waterloo). My aim was to introduce the most important equations and methods of solution through actual (not artifi- cial) applications which were recent and with which I had something to do. Most of them happened to be related to the social or behavioral sciences. All were originally answers to questions posed by specialists in the respective applied fields. Here I give a somewhat extended version of these lectures, with more recent results and applications included. As previous knowledge just the basic facts of calculus and algebra are supposed. Parts where somewhat more (measure theory) is needed and sketches of lengthier calcula- tions are set in fine print. I am grateful to Drs. J. Baker (Waterloo, Ont.), W. Forg-Rob (Innsbruck, Austria) and C. Wagner (Knoxville, Tenn.) for critical remarks and to Mrs. Brenda Law for care- ful computer-typing of the manuscript (in several versions). A note on numbering of statements and references: The numbering of Lemmata, Propositions, Theorems, Corollaries and (separately) formulae starts anew in each section. If quoted in another section, the section number is added, e.g. (2.10) or Theorem 1.2. References are quoted by the last names of the authors and the last two digits of the year, e.g. Daroczy-Losonczi  671. 1 1. An aggregation theorem for allocation problems. Cauchy equation for single-and multiplace functions. 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Parts of the manuscript have been used in courses for graduate level students of mathematics and eomputer scienees held by the first author at the Technical University of Braunschweig. The textbook is designed for readers with an advanced knowledge of mathematics. The idea of writing this book came from Professor Dr. H. Skala. Several of our students have significantly contributed to its preparation. We would like to express our gratitude to Reinhard Elsner for his support in typesetting the book, Jorg Gebhardt and Jorg Knop for preparing the drawings, Michael Eike and Jiirgen Freckmann for implementing the programming system and Giinter Lehmann and Winfried Boer for proofreading the manuscript. This work was partially supported by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. We are indebted to D. Reidel Publishing Company for making the pub- lication of this book possible and would especially like to acknowledge the support whieh we received from our families on this project.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52136336851217,"sku":"NLS9789027725622","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027725622.jpg?v=1757553758"},{"product_id":"risk-decision-and-rationality-book-bertrand-munier-9789027726247","title":"Risk, Decision and Rationality","description":"Decision Theory has considerably developed in the late 1970's and the 1980's. The evolution has been so fast and far-r2aching that it has become increasingly difficult to keep track of the new state of the art. After a decade of new contributions, there was a need for an overview' of the field. This book is intended to fill the gap. The reader will find here thirty nine selected papers which were given at FUR-I, the third international confe- rence on the Foundations and applications of Utility, Risk and decision theories, held in Aix-en-Provence in June 1986. An introductory chapter will provide an overview of the main questions raised on the subject since the 17th Century and more particularly so in the last thirty years, as well as some elementary information on the experimental and theoretical results obtained. It is thus hoped that any reader with some basic background in either Economics, Hanagement or Operations Research will be able to read profitably the thirty-nine other chapters. Psychologists, Sociologists, Social Philosophers and other specialists of the social sciences will also read this book with interest, as will high-level practitioners of decision making and advanced students in one of the abovementioned fields. An expository survey of this volume will be found at the end of the introductory chapter, so that any of the seven parts of the book can be put by the reader in due perspective.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52137507553553,"sku":"NLS9789027726247","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027726247.jpg?v=1757558038"},{"product_id":"multivariate-statistical-modeling-and-data-analysis-book-h-bozdogan-9789027725929","title":"Multivariate Statistical Modeling and Data Analysis","description":"This volume contains the Proceedings of the Advanced Symposium on Multivariate Modeling and Data Analysis held at the 64th Annual Heeting of the Virginia Academy of Sciences (VAS)--American Statistical Association's Vir- ginia Chapter at James Madison University in Harrisonburg. Virginia during Hay 15-16. 1986. This symposium was sponsored by financial support from the Center for Advanced Studies at the University of Virginia to promote new and modern information-theoretic statist- ical modeling procedures and to blend these new techniques within the classical theory. Multivariate statistical analysis has come a long way and currently it is in an evolutionary stage in the era of high-speed computation and computer technology. The Advanced Symposium was the first to address the new innovative approaches in multi- variate analysis to develop modern analytical and yet practical procedures to meet the needs of researchers and the societal need of statistics. vii viii PREFACE Papers presented at the Symposium by e1l11lJinent researchers in the field were geared not Just for specialists in statistics, but an attempt has been made to achieve a well balanced and uniform coverage of different areas in multi- variate modeling and data analysis. The areas covered included topics in the analysis of repeated measurements, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, canonical cor- relations, distribution theory and testing, bivariate densi ty estimation, factor analysis, principle component analysis, multidimensional scaling, multivariate linear models, nonparametric regression, etc.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52138928406801,"sku":"NLS9789027725929","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027725929.jpg?v=1757565832"},{"product_id":"progress-in-decision-utility-and-risk-theory-book-jzsef-kindler-9789401053877","title":"Progress In Decision, Utility And Risk Theory","description":"In this volume we present some of the papers delivered at FUR-IV - the Fourth International Conference on Founda­ tions and Applications of Utility, Risk and Decision Theory in Budapest, June 1988. The FUR Conferences have provided an appreciated forum every two years since 1982 within which scientists can report recent issues and prospective applications of decision theory, and exchange ideas about controversial questions of this field. Focal points of the presented papers are: expected utility versus alterna­ tive utility models, concepts of risk and uncertainty, developments of game theory, and investigations of real decision making behaviour under uncertainty and\/or in risky situations. We hope that this sample of papers will appeal to a wide spectrum of readers who are interested in and fami­ liar with this interesting and exciting issues of decision theory. A wide range of theoretical and practical questions is considered in papers included in this volume, and many of them closely related to economics. In fact, there were two Nobel-Laureates in economics among the participants: I. Herbert A. Simon (1978) and Maurice Allais (1988), who won the prize just after the conference. His paper deals with problems of cardinal utility. After a concise overview of the history and theory of cardinal utility he gives an estimate of the invariant cardinal utility function for its whole domain of variation (i. e.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52141174292753,"sku":"NLS9789401053877","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401053877.jpg?v=1757576626"},{"product_id":"efficiency-analysis-by-production-frontiers-book-jati-sengupta-9789401076944","title":"Efficiency Analysis by Production Frontiers","description":"Measuring productive efficiency for nonprofit organizations has posed a great challenge to applied researchers today. The problem has many facets and diverse implications for a number of disciplines such as economics, applied statistics, management science and information theory. This monograph discusses four major areas, which emphasize the applied economic and econometric as. pects of the production frontier analysis: A. Stochastic frontier theory, B. Data envelopment analysis, C. Clustering and estimation theory, D. Economic and managerial applications Besides containing an up-to-date survey of the mos. t recent developments in the field, the monograph presents several new results and theorems from my own research. These include but are not limited to the following: (1) interface with parametric theory, (2) minimax and robust concepts of production frontier, (3) game-theoretic extension of the Farrell and Johansen models, (4) optimal clustering techniques for data envelopment analysis and (5) the dynamic and stochastic generalizations of the efficiency frontier at the micro and macro levels. In my research work in this field I have received great support and inspiration from Professor Abraham Charnes of the University of Texas at Austin, who has basically founded the technique of data envelopment analysis, developed it and is still expanding it. My interactions with him have been most fruitful and productive. I am deeply grateful to him. Finally, I must record my deep appreciation to my wife and two children for their loving and enduring support. 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This conference was organized by the Mathematical Society of the GDR in cooperation with the Society of Physical and Mathematical Biology of the GDR, the GDR-Region of the International Biometric Society and the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the GDR. All papers included were thoroughly reviewed by scientist listed under the heading Editorial Collabora- tories-'. Some contributions, we are sorry to report, were not recommended for publi- cation by the rf'vif'wers and do not appear in these proceedings. The editors thank the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. The conference was organizf'd bv a Programme Committee, its chairman was Prof. Dr. Dieter Rasch (Research Centre of Animal Production, Dummerstorf-Rostock). The members of the Programme Committee were Prof. Dr., Johannes Adam (Martin-Luther-University Halle) Prof. Dr. Heinz Ahrens (Academy of Sciences of the GDR, Berlin) Doz. Dr. Jana Jureckova (Charles University Praha) Prof. Dr. Moti Lal Tiku (McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario) The aim of the conference was to discuss several aspects of robustness but mainly to present new results regarding the robustness of classical statistical methods especially tests, confidence estimations, and selection procedures, and to compare their perfor- mance with nonparametric procedures. Robustness in this sens is understood as intensivity against. violation of the normal assumption.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52143575826705,"sku":"NLS9789400965300","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789400965300.jpg?v=1757585090"},{"product_id":"statistical-inference-book-tadeusz-bromek-9789401067461","title":"Statistical Inference","description":"Use and misuse of statistics seems to be the signum temporis of past decades. 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It is, therefore, not surprising that models of decisions play a very important role not only in decision theory but also in areas such as operations Research, Management science, social Psychology etc . . The basic model of a decision in classical normative decision theory has very little in common with real decision making: It portrays a decision as a clear-cut act of choice, performed by one individual decision maker and in which states of nature, possible actions, results and preferences are well and crisply defined. The only compo- nent in which uncertainty is permitted is the occurence of the different states of nature, for which probabilistic descriptions are allowed. These probabilities are generally assumed to be known numerically, i. e. as single probabili- ties or as probability distribution functions. Extensions of this basic model can primarily be conceived in three directions: 1. Rather than a single decision maker there are several decision makers involved. 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In particular, the aggregate excess demand correspondence for net combined infonnation trades is a continuous function. Proof Uniqueness fails only if an agent can obtain the same expected utility from two or more net combined infonnation allocations. If this happens, appropriate slight perturbations of personal probability vectors destroy the equality unless the utility functions and wealth allocations were independent across states. Yet, when utilities and wealths don't depend on states in S, no infonnation to distinguish the states is desired, so that the demand for such infonnation structures must equal zero. To show the second claim, recall that if the correspondence is single valued for almost every agent, then its integral is also single valued. Finally, note that an upper hemicontinuous (by Proposition 2) correspondence which is single valued everywhere is, in fact, a continuous function. [] REFERENCES Allen, Beth (1986a). \"The Demand for (Differentiated) Infonnation\"; Review of Economic Studies. 53. (311-323). Allen, Beth (1986b). \"General Equilibrium with Infonnation Sales\"; Theory and Decision. 21. (1-33). Allen, Beth (1990). \"Infonnation as an Economic Commodity\"; American Economic Review. 80. 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However, it is clear that the basic underlying concepts  underlying such fusion procedures can often be used in nonmilitary  applications as well. The purpose of this book is twofold: First, to  point out present gaps in the way data fusion problems are  conceptually treated. Second, to address this issue by exhibiting  mathematical tools which treat combination of evidence in the presence  of uncertainty in a more systematic and comprehensive way. These  techniques are based essentially on two novel ideas relating to  probability theory: the newly developed fields of random set  theory and conditional and relational event algebra.    This volume is intended to be both an update on research progress on  data fusion and an introduction to potentially powerful new  techniques: fuzzy logic, random set theory, and conditional and  relational event algebra.    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Broadly viewed, information theory analyzes the uncertainty of a given  set of data and its probabilistic characteristics. Whereas the  economic theory of information emphasizes the value of information to  agents in a market, the entropy theory stresses the various aspects of  imprecision of data and their interactions with the subjective  decision processes. The tools of information theory, such as the  maximum entropy principle, mutual information and the minimum  discrepancy are useful in several areas of statistical inference,  e.g., Bayesian estimation, expected maximum likelihood principle, the  fuzzy statistical regression. This volume analyzes the applications of  these tools of information theory to the most commonly used models in  econometrics.   The outstanding features of Econometrics of Information and  Efficiency are:  A critical survey of the uses  of information theory in economics and econometrics;  An  integration of applied information theory and economic efficiency  analysis;  The development of a new economic hypothesis relating  information theory to economic growth models;  New lines of  research are emphasized.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52402415141137,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52402415763729,"sku":"NLS9780792323532","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792323532.jpg?v=1758757650"},{"product_id":"markets-risk-and-money-book-bertrand-munier-9789401043342","title":"Markets, Risk and Money","description":"Most of the writings of Maurice Allais, 1988 Nobel Laureate in  Economics have only been published in French. Thus to date,  economists, management scientists and operations researchers have been  severely restricted in gaining access to his work. Markets, Risk and Money presents, for the first time in English,  Allais' unconventional views on economic competition, the significance  of free markets and overlapping generations, risk psychology, central  banking, taxation systems, monetary dynamics and reform. The volume  provides a consistent vision of our society and offers readers an  evaluation of the impact of Allais' work on our present body of  knowledge. Markets, Risk and Money contains contributions from a number of  distinguished European and American scholars including Bertrand  Munier, Thierry Montbrial, J. Lesourne, Claude Ponsard, Edmond  Malinvaud, Andre Babeau, Marcel Boiteux, Lola L. Lopes, Mark J.  Machina, James B. Ramsey, Xavier Freixas, B. Roy and D. Bouyssou,  Werner Leinfellner and Jean-Jacques Durand. A biographical sketch and complete bibliography of the author are also  included.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52407667327249,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52407667884305,"sku":"NLS9789401043342","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401043342.jpg?v=1758772733"},{"product_id":"non-classical-logics-and-their-applications-to-fuzzy-subsets-book-erich-klement-9789401040969","title":"Non-Classical Logics and their Applications to Fuzzy Subsets","description":"Non-Classical Logics and their Applications to Fuzzy  Subsets is the first major work devoted to a careful study of  various relations between non-classical logics and fuzzy sets. This  volume is indispensable for all those who are interested in a deeper  understanding of the mathematical foundations of fuzzy set theory,  particularly in intuitionistic logic, Lukasiewicz logic,  monoidal logic, fuzzy logic and topos-like categories. The tutorial  nature of the longer chapters, the comprehensive bibliography and  index make it suitable as a valuable and important reference for  graduate students as well as research workers in the field of  non-classical logics.    The book is arranged in three parts: Part A presents the most recent  developments in the theory of Heyting algebras, MV-algebras, quantales  and GL-monoids. Part B gives a coherent and current account of  topos-like categories for fuzzy set theory based on Heyting algebra  valued sets, quantal sets of M-valued sets. Part C addresses general  aspects of non-classical logics including epistemological problems as  well as recursive properties of fuzzy logic.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52407721165073,"sku":"NLS9789401040969","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401040969.jpg?v=1758772977"},{"product_id":"vaguely-defined-objects-book-m-wygralak-9789401737838","title":"Vaguely Defined Objects","description":"In recent years, an impetuous development of new, unconventional theories, methods, techniques and technologies in computer and information sciences, systems analysis, decision-making and control, expert systems, data modelling, engineering, etc. , resulted in a considerable increase of interest in adequate mathematical description and analysis of objects, phenomena, and processes which are vague or imprecise by their very nature. Classical two-valued logic and the related notion of a set, together with its mathematical consequences, are then often inadequate or insufficient formal tools, and can even become useless for applications because of their (too) categorical character: 'true - false', 'belongs - does not belong', 'is - is not', 'black - white', '0 - 1', etc. This is why one replaces classical logic by various types of many-valued logics and, on the other hand, more general notions are introduced instead of or beside that of a set. Let us mention, for instance, fuzzy sets and derivative concepts, flou sets and twofold fuzzy sets, which have been created for different purposes as well as using distinct formal and informal motivations. A kind of numerical information concerning of 'how many' elements those objects are composed seems to be one of the simplest and more important types of information about them. To get it, one needs a suitable notion of cardinality and, moreover, a possibility to calculate with such cardinalities. Unfortunately, neither fuzzy sets nor the other nonclassical concepts have been equipped with a satisfactory (nonclassical) cardinality theory.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52408122114321,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52408122802449,"sku":"NLS9789401737838","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401737838.jpg?v=1758774084"},{"product_id":"fuzzy-data-analysis-book-hans-bandemer-9789401051057","title":"Fuzzy Data Analysis","description":"Fuzzy data such as marks, scores, verbal evaluations, imprecise  observations, experts' opinions and grey tone pictures, are quite  common. In Fuzzy Data Analysis the authors collect their recent  results providing the reader with ideas, approaches and methods for  processing such data when looking for sub-structures in knowledge  bases for an evaluation of functional relationship, e.g. in order to  specify diagnostic or control systems. The modelling presented uses  ideas from fuzzy set theory and the suggested methods solve problems  usually tackled by data analysis if the data are real numbers.    Fuzzy Data Analysis is self-contained and is addressed to  mathematicians oriented towards applications and to practitioners in  any field of application who have some background in mathematics and  statistics.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52409396756753,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52409402458385,"sku":"NLS9789401051057","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401051057.jpg?v=1758774821"},{"product_id":"dynamic-probabilistic-models-and-social-structure-book-guillermo-m-9789401051149","title":"Dynamic Probabilistic Models and Social Structure","description":"Mathematical models have been very successful in the study of the physical world. Galilei and Newton introduced point particles moving without friction under the action of simple forces as the basis for the description of concrete motions like the ones of the planets. This approach was sustained by appro- priate mathematical methods, namely infinitesimal calculus, which was being developed at that time. In this way classical analytical mechanics was able to establish some general results, gaining insight through explicit solution of some simple cases and developing various methods of approximation for handling more complicated ones. Special relativity theory can be seen as an extension of this kind of modelling. In the study of electromagnetic phenomena and in general relativity another mathematical model is used, in which the concept of classical field plays the fundamental role. The equations of motion here are partial differential equations, and the methods of study used involve further developments of classical analysis. These models are deterministic in nature. However it was realized already in the second half of last century, through the work of Maxwell, Boltzmann, Gibbs and others, that in the discussion of systems involving a great number of particles, the deterministic description is not by itself of great help, in particu- lar a suitable weighting of all possible initial conditions should be considered.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52409815957777,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52409816645905,"sku":"NLS9789401051149","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401051149.jpg?v=1758775985"},{"product_id":"minimax-models-in-the-theory-of-numerical-methods-book-a-sukharev-9789401052252","title":"Minimax Models in the Theory of Numerical Methods","description":"In the Russian edition published in 1989, this book was called Minimax Algorithms in Problems of Numerical Analysis. The new title is better related to the subject of the book and its style. The basis for every decision or inference concerning the ways to solve a given problem is the computa tion model. Thus, the computation model is the epicenter of any structure studied in the book. Algorithms are not constructed here, they are rather derived from computation models. Quality of an algorithm depends entirely on consistency of the model with the real-life problem. So, constructing a model is an art, deriving an algorithm is a science. We study only minimax or, in other words, worst-case computation models. However, one of the characteristic features of the book is a new approach to the notion of the worst-case conditions in dynamic processes. This approach leads to the concept of sequentially optimal algorithms, which play the central role in the book. In conclusion, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Heinz J. Skala and Dr. Sergei A. Orlovsky for encouraging translation of this book. I also greatly appreciate the highly professional job of Dr. Olga R. Chuyan who translated the book.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52409899024657,"sku":"NLS9789401052252","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789401052252.jpg?v=1758776198"},{"product_id":"decision-making-under-risk-and-uncertainty-book-j-geweke-9789401052610","title":"Decision Making Under Risk and Uncertainty","description":"As desired, the infonnation demand correspondence is single valued at equilibrium prices. Hence no planner is needed to assign infonnation allocations to individuals. Proposition 4. For any given infonnation price system p E . P (F *), almost every a E A demands a unique combined infonnation structure (although traders may be indifferent among partial infonnation sales from different information allocations, etc. ). In particular, the aggregate excess demand correspondence for net combined infonnation trades is a continuous function. Proof Uniqueness fails only if an agent can obtain the same expected utility from two or more net combined infonnation allocations. If this happens, appropriate slight perturbations of personal probability vectors destroy the equality unless the utility functions and wealth allocations were independent across states. Yet, when utilities and wealths don't depend on states in S, no infonnation to distinguish the states is desired, so that the demand for such infonnation structures must equal zero. To show the second claim, recall that if the correspondence is single valued for almost every agent, then its integral is also single valued. Finally, note that an upper hemicontinuous (by Proposition 2) correspondence which is single valued everywhere is, in fact, a continuous function. [] REFERENCES Allen, Beth (1986a). \"The Demand for (Differentiated) Infonnation\"; Review of Economic Studies. 53. (311-323). Allen, Beth (1986b). \"General Equilibrium with Infonnation Sales\"; Theory and Decision. 21. (1-33). Allen, Beth (1990). \"Infonnation as an Economic Commodity\"; American Economic Review. 80. 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Several years ago we proposed starting of an elective one semester course on statistical ecology for graduate students of statistics of Pune University.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52425034432785,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52425035284753,"sku":"NLS9780792367154","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792367154.jpg?v=1759153666"},{"product_id":"inventory-models-book-attila-chikn-9780792304944","title":"Inventory Models","description":null,"brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52425937256721,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52425938010385,"sku":"NLS9780792304944","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792304944.jpg?v=1759156224"},{"product_id":"stochastic-optimization-and-economic-models-book-jati-sengupta-9789027723017","title":"Stochastic Optimization and Economic Models","description":"This book presents the main applied aspects of stochas- tic optimization in economic models. Stochastic processes and control theory are used under optimization to illustrate the various economic implications of optimal decision rules. Unlike econometrics which deals with estimation, this book emphasizes the decision-theoretic basis of uncertainty specified by the stochastic point of view. Methods of ap- plied stochastic control using stochastic processes have now reached an exciti g phase, where several disciplines like systems engineering, operations research and natural reso- ces interact along with the conventional fields such as mathematical economics, finance and control systems. Our objective is to present a critical overview of this broad terrain from a multidisciplinary viewpoint. In this attempt we have at times stressed viewpoints other than the purely economic one. We believe that the economist would find it most profitable to learn from the other disciplines where stochastic optimization has been successfully applied. It is in this spirit that we have discussed in some detail the following major areas: A. Portfolio models in - finance, B. Differential games under uncertainty, c. Self-tuning regulators, D. Models of renewable resources under uncertainty, and ix x PREFACE E. Nonparametric methods of efficiency measurement. Stochastic processes are now increasingly used in economic models to understand the various adaptive behavior implicit in the formulation of expectation and its application in decision rules which are optimum in some sense.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"- \/ - \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":52426012000529,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52426012852497,"sku":"NLS9789027723017","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9789027723017.jpg?v=1759156436"},{"product_id":"beliefs-interactions-and-preferences-book-mark-j-machina-9780792385998","title":"Beliefs, Interactions and Preferences","description":"Beliefs, Interactions and Preferences in Decision Making  mixes a selection of papers, presented at the Eighth Foundations and  Applications of Utility and Risk Theory (`FUR VIII') conference in  Mons, Belgium, together with a few solicited papers from well-known  authors in the field.    This book addresses some of the questions that have recently emerged  in the research on decision-making and risk theory. In particular,  authors have modeled more and more as interactions between the  individual and the environment or between different individuals the  emergence of beliefs as well as the specific type of information  treatment traditionally called `rationality'. This book analyzes  several cases of such an interaction and derives consequences for the  future of decision theory and risk theory.    In the last ten years, modeling beliefs has become a specific  sub-field of decision making, particularly with respect to low  probability events. Rational decision making has also been generalized  in order to encompass, in new ways and in more general situations than  it used to be fitted to, multiple dimensions in consequences. This  book deals with some of the most conspicuous of these advances.    It also addresses the difficult question to incorporate several of  these recent advances simultaneously into one single decision model.  And it offers perspectives about the future trends of modeling such  complex decision questions.   The volume is organized in three main blocks:     The first block is the more `traditional' one. It deals with new  extensions of the existing theory, as is always demanded by scientists  in the field.   A second block handles specific elements in the  development of interactions between individuals and their environment,  as defined in the most general sense.   The last block confronts  real-world problems in both financial and non-financial markets and  decisions, and tries to show what kind of contributions can be brought  to them by the type of research reported on here.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52426200973585,"sku":"NLS9780792385998","price":0.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/9780792385998.jpg?v=1759157008"},{"product_id":"stochastic-optimization-and-economic-models-book-jati-sengupta-9789048184262","title":"Stochastic Optimization and Economic Models","description":"This book presents the main applied aspects of stochas- tic optimization in economic models. Stochastic processes and control theory are used under optimization to illustrate the various economic implications of optimal decision rules. 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