{"product_id":"mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution-book-kniaz-petr-alekseevich-kropotk-9781515427612","title":"Mutual Aid a Factor of Evolution","description":"\u003cp\u003e2017 Reprint of 1919 Edition. Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 work by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. Kropotkin explores the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or mutual aid) in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against the competition-centered theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest. Mutual Aid is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49888632340753,"sku":"GOR013807860","price":12.39,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ NEW \/ INGRAM","offer_id":52750096072977,"sku":"NIN9781515427612","price":22.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/1515427617.jpg?v=1750893697","url":"https:\/\/www.worldofbooks.com\/products\/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution-book-kniaz-petr-alekseevich-kropotk-9781515427612","provider":"World of Books ","version":"1.0","type":"link"}