{"product_id":"questioning-the-solution-book-d-werner-9780965558525","title":"Questioning the Solution","description":"Single-molecule techniques eliminate ensemble averaging, thus revealing transient or rare species in heterogeneous systems  1-3]. These approaches have been employed to probe myriad biological phenomena, including protein and RNA folding  4-6], enzyme kinetics  7, 8], and even protein biosynthesis  1, 9, 10]. In particular, immobilization-based fluorescence te- niques such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF-M) have recently allowed for the observation of multiple events on the millis- onds to seconds timescale  11-13]. Single-molecule fluorescence methods are challenged by the instability of single fluorophores. The organic fluorophores commonly employed in single-molecule studies of biological systems display fast photobleaching, intensity fluctuations on the millisecond timescale (blinking), or both. These phenomena limit observation time and complicate the interpretation of fl- rescence fluctuations  14, 15]. Molecular oxygen (O) modulates dye stability. Triplet O efficiently 2 2 quenches dye triplet states responsible for blinking. This results in the for- tion of singlet oxygen  16-18]. Singlet O reacts efficiently with organic dyes, 2 amino acids, and nucleobases  19, 20]. Oxidized dyes are no longer fluor- cent; oxidative damage impairs the folding and function of biomolecules. In the presence of saturating dissolved O, blinking of fluorescent dyes is sup- 2 pressed, but oxidative damage to dyes and biomolecules is rapid. Enzymatic O -scavenging systems are commonly employed to ameliorate dye instability. 2 Small molecules are often employed to suppress blinking at low O levels.","brand":"WoB","offers":[{"title":"GB \/ VERY_GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49577420587281,"sku":"GOR009985348","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"GB \/ GOOD \/ INTERNAL","offer_id":49631342854417,"sku":"GOR004965393","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50374578700561,"sku":"CIN0965558525G","price":8.27,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"US \/ VERY_GOOD \/ SBYB","offer_id":50448564158737,"sku":"CIN0965558525VG","price":6.56,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0784\/4072\/6801\/files\/0965558525.jpg?v=1751397097","url":"https:\/\/www.worldofbooks.com\/products\/questioning-the-solution-book-d-werner-9780965558525","provider":"World of Books ","version":"1.0","type":"link"}