Contents List of action examples; Abbreviations; List of cases; Foreword; Chapter 1 The growth of the international response to torture: The rise of an international movement; Changing understandings of torture; Torture and discrimination; The importance of political will: Amnesty International's 12-Point Program; The international system for human rights protection. Chapter 2 The fight against torture - case studies: Introduction; Israeli Occupied Territories: Outlawing legal torture; Peru: Designating torture as a specific crime; USA: Federal action to combat local abuses; India: Landmark judgment establishes safeguards; Austria: Death of deportee triggers human rights reforms; South Africa. Chapter 3 Exposing torture under apartheid; International law and the obligations of states: Introduction; A conjunction of international standards; General human rights instruments; Specialized instruments on the prohibition and prevention of torture; Other specialized human rights treaties; International humanitarian law; Crimes under international law: war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide; General international law; Non-binding standards; What is prohibited?; Defining torture; Rape as torture; The expanding understanding of the scope of torture; When is torture prohibited? Relation to other human rights norms; Obligations of the state: prevention, investigation, punishment, reparation; Protection against abuses by private individuals. Chapter 4 Safeguards in custody: Introduction; Safeguards at arrest; Grounds and procedures for arrest; Informing prisoners of the reasons for their arrest, and of their rights; Notifying relatives and others; Safeguards during transport to a place of detention; Record-keeping; No secret detention; Bringing prisoners before a judicial authority; Access to the outside world; Access to legal counsel; Medical examinations and care; Habeas corpus and other judicial remedies for protecting prisoners; Safeguards during interrogation; Safeguards for particular groups; Safeguards at release; Blocking the use of evidence obtained through torture; Chapter 5 Conditions of detention: Introduction; Reducing the use of custody and imprisonment; Accommodation; Physical conditions; Separation of categories of prisoners; Location; Sanitation, hygiene, clothing and beds; Other aspects of treatment; Food and drink; Medical care and the role of health professionals; Exercise, recreation and other facilities; Contact with the outside world; Discipline and security; Searches; Use of force; Restraint techniques and devices; Disciplinary punishments; Solitary confinement; Preventing inter-prisoner violence; Record-keeping; Standards for particular groups; Women; Children; Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people; Pre-trial detainees; Asylum-seekers and other immigration detainees; Visits of inspection; Ensuring prisoners' rights; Explaining prisoners' rights; Complaints. Chapter 6 Other settings: Introduction; Institutional settings; Mental institutions and institutions for people with developmental difficulties; Corporal punishment in schools; Orphanages; Forced medical treatment to change sexual orientation or gender identity; Ill-treatment in the armed forces; Use of force in law enforcement; Police weapons; Judicial and administrative corporal punishment; Torture in armed conflict; Violence in the community and the family. Chapter 7 Overcoming impunity: Introduction; Prohibition in law; Investigation; Bringing those responsible to justice; Justice abroad: universal jurisdiction; International criminal tribunals; Reparation. Chapter 8 Building a world without torture: Introduction; Action towards other governments; Protecting people fleeing from torture; Stopping the torture trade; Intergovernmental action: the unfinished agenda; The role of the medical profession; Towards a world without torture: the role of civil society. Appendices: Appendix 1 Bibliography: Books, articles and manuals; Appendix 2 Biblio
