This text on European history since 1815 is one of a series of study guides for A-Levels and Scottish Higher Grade which are designed for use throughout the course as a supplement to studies at school or college, and as revision guides for the final approach to the exams. The focus is on the knowledge and techniques needed to pass with the best possible grades, and there is practical guidance on studying, revising, course-work and exam preparation. Exam questions are included for each topic, and a "test run" section incorporates a progress test and a mock exam with answers.