INTRODUCTION
MEDIA INSTITUTIONS:Key areas and their implications for understanding media
MEDIA TEXTS:Features and deconstructions
AUDIENCES AND EFFECTS:Defining audiences and exploring their relationship with texts
THE MEDIA AND VIOLENCE:Questioning violence: problems with measuring effects
WOMEN'S MAGAZINES:Manufacturing a gendered space: questions of guilt and pleasure
POPULAR MUSIC:Questioning the popular, questioning control, questioning the global
APPROACHES TO FILM:The missing British film industry: audiences, gazing and meanings
THE MEDIA AND NEW TECHNOLOGY:The effects and implications of technologies for the media and their consumption
ADVERTISING:Its relationship with the media audience: the consequences for society and culture
TELEVISION SOAPS:The question of the gendered audience: the nature of soap operas: the effects of soaps on TV drama
NEWS:Different kinds of news: constructing the world
SPORT AND REPRESENTATION:Media making meanings about sport: sport making meanings about ideology, race and gender
GLOBALIZATION AND THE MEDIA:Questions of power and of cultural exchange
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INDEX
Full Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
MEDIA INSTITUTIONS
Key areas and their implications for understanding media
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 Defining institutions
3.1 When is an institution?
3.2 Characteristics of institutions
4 Media institutions and finance
5 Media in relation to other institutions
6 Media and audiences
7 Media and advertising
8 Media and government
9 The regulation of media institutions
10 Institutions and power
11 Institutions and globalization
12 Institutions and new technologies
13 Alternative models for media institutions
14 The public service debate
15 Discussion extract
16 Further reading
MEDIA TEXTS
Features and deconstructions
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 What is a text?
4 Texts and meanings
5 Texts and contexts
6 Deconstructing texts
6.1 Textual analysis
6.2 Textual codes
6.3 Semiotic analysis
6.4 Image analysis
6.5 Discourse analysis
7 Texts and narration
8 Texts and realism
9 Texts, representations, ideology, identity
10 Genre texts
10.1 The formula
10.2 Expectations
10.3 Conventions
10.4 Intertextuality and post-modernism
10.5 Myths, discourses and ideologies
10.6 Genre and the political economy
10.7 Genre and the illusion of pluralism
11 Discussion extract
12 Further reading
AUDIENCES AND EFFECTS
Defining audiences and exploring their relationship with texts
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 Concepts of audiences
4 The commodified audience
5 The active audience
6 The reading audience
7 Gazing and looking
8 Taking pleasure
9 Audiences and the public sphere
10 Influences and effects
11 Gender modelling
12 Discussion extract
13 Further reading
THE MEDIA AND VIOLENCE
Questioning violence: problems with measuring effects
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 Defining violence
3.1 Violence as representation
4 Institutions - violence
5 Texts - violence
6 Audiences - violence
7 Research methods and problems
7.1 Content analysis
7.2 Laboratory experiments
7.3 Field experiments
8 Effects models and their problems
8.1 Hypodermic models - short term and behavioural
8.2 Cultivation model - long term and attitudinal
8.3 Innoculation theory
8.4 Uses and gratifications theory
9 The implications of regulation
10 Effects and conclusions
11 Discussion extract
12 Further reading
WOMEN'S MAGAZINES
Manufacturing a gendered space: questions of guilt and pleasure
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 Genre features - convention, expectation and fulfilment
4 Mode of address - positioning the reader
5 Representations
6 Narrative strategies
7 Roles
8 Social interactions
9 The ever-present male
10 Contradictions
11 Pleasure and a woman's space
12 Discussion extract
13 Further reading
POPULAR MUSIC
Questioning the popular, questioning control, questioning the global
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 Defining popular music (PM)
4 Experiencing popular music
5 Institutions and change
5.1 Ownership and control of the popular
5.2 Globalization and technologies
5.3 Production
6 Genres and styles
7 Audiences and consumption
7.1 Defining audiences
7.2 Reception
7.3 Subcultures and identities - resistance
7.4 Gender
8 Discussion extract
9 Further reading
APPROACHES TO FILM
The missing British film industry: audiences, gazing and meanings
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 Political economy and the British film industry
3.1 Historical considerations
3.2 Present factors
3.3 The problem of British, film and industry
3.4 The USA, globalization and economic imperialism
4 Looking and gazing - spectator, image, meaning
4.1 Just looking - mise-en-scene and the image
4.2 Gazing reflectively - notes on psychoanalysis
4.3 The gendered gaze
5 Discussion extracts
6 Further reading
THE MEDIA AND NEW TECHNOLOGY
The effects and implications of technologies for the media and theirconsumption
1 Introduction
1.1 When is technology new?
1.2 When is the future present?
2 Major questions
3 Determinism or opportunism? - technology and media developments
4 The impact of technology on the media: production,distribution, exhibition/retailing, consumption
4.1 Production
4.2 Distribution
4.3 Exhibition and sales
5 The information revolution
6 The nature of change
6.1 Interactivity
6.2 Convergence
6.3 Diversification and diversity
6.4 Actualization
6.5 Polarization
6.6 Confirmation
6.7 Naturalization
7 The Internet, the World Wide Web
7.1 Dominance and use
7.2 Utopias/dystopias
7.3 New democracy, new marketplace
7.4 A public sphere
8 Discussion extract
9 Further reading
ADVERTISING
Its relationship with the media audience: the consequences for societyand culture
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 The nature of advertising
4 Advertising and media - a relationship
5 Advertising and society - critiques
6 Advertising and audiences
7 Advertising and persuasion
8 Commodification
9 Discourse, ideology, myths and representations
10 A special case: advertising and children
11 Discussion extract
12 Further reading
TELEVISION SOAPS
The question of the gendered audience: the nature of soap operas: theeffects of soaps on TV drama
1 Introduction
2 The nature of soaps
3 Major questions
4 Defining soaps - the quality of soap opera
5 Soaps and narrative
6 Soaps and social realism
7 The 'Soaping' of TV drama
8 Soaps as gendered genre
9 Empowerment, resistance, ideology and pleasure
10 Discussion extract
11 Further reading
NEWS
Different kinds of news: constructing the world
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 Defining news
4 Hard news, soft news
5 News values
5.1 Professionalism as a value
6 The news agenda
7 News as genre
8 Global news
9 News discourse, news mythologies
10 News representations
10.1 Misrepresentation and moral panics
10.2 Gendered news
11 News audiences
12 News and the public sphere
13 Discusssion extract
14 Further reading
SPORT AND REPRESENTATION
Media making meanings about sport: sport making meanings aboutideology, race and gender
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 The representation of sport
3.1 Sport, media, commodification
4 The sporting body
5 Sport and national identity
6 The representation of gender
7 The representation of race
8 Discussion extract
9 Further reading
GLOBALIZATION AND THE MEDIA
Questions of power and of cultural exchange
1 Introduction
2 Major questions
3 Globalization as history
4 Global flows - imposition or exchange; global and local
5 Facets of globalization
6 Globalization and technologies
7 Institutions and global ownership
8 Media imperialism
9 Global genres
10 Global audiences
11 Cultures and identities
12 Discussion extract
13 Further reading
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INDEX
