I Introduction.- History and Physical Principles.- 1 Holographic Storage Principles.- 1.1 Redundant Storage.- 1.2 Multiplexing.- 1.3 High Data Rate.- 1.4 Rapid Access.- 1.5 Novel Functions.- 2 Historical Development.- 2.1 Bell Labs and the Digital Page.- 2.2 IBM HOSP.- 2.3 RCA Holographic Memory.- 2.4 3M Holographic Data Storage System.- 2.5 Thompson-CSF Read-Write Memory Using Angular Multiplexing.- 2.6 NEC Holographic Coding Plate or Holotablet.- 2.7 Harris-Intertype Wide-Band Recorder.- 2.8 Hitachi Holographic Video Disk.- 2.9 Optical Data Systems Holoscan.- 2.10 Holographic Storage in the Soviet Union.- 2.11 NEC Holographic Disk.- 2.12 MEI Kanji Character Generation System.- 2.13 Tamarack Multistore.- 2.14 The PRISM Test Stand.- 2.15 Stanford University.- 2.16 Holoplex Memory Device for Fingerprint Verification.- 2.17 Rockwell Read-Only Demonstrator.- 2.18 IBM DEMON.- 3 Summary.- References.- Volume Holographic Multiplexing Methods.- 1 Holographic Storage and Retrieval.- 1.1 Overview of Holographic Multiplexing Methods.- 1.2 Holographic Storage Geometries and Imaging Systems.- 2 Scattering from Volume Gratings.- 2.1 Volume Diffraction in the Born Approximation.- 2.2 Volume Diffraction of Scalar Fields.- 2.3 Volume Diffraction Calculations Using the k-Sphere Formulation.- 2.4 Visualization of the Multiplexing Methods on the Grating Space.- 2.5 Grating Manifold Motion and Fractal Multiplexing.- 3 Architectures for Holographic Memories.- 3.1 The Holographic 3-D Disk Geometry.- 3.2 The Holographic Random-Access Memory (HRAM).- 3.3 The Phase Conjugate Geometry.- 4 Summary.- References.- Fundamental Noise Sources in Volume Holographic Storage.- 1 Cross-Talk Noise.- 1.1 Theoretical Formulation.- 1.2 Cross-Talk Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio.- 1.3 Storage Capacity.- 2 Intrinsic Scattering Noise.- 3 Noise Gratings.- 4 Conclusion.- References.- II Recording Media.- Bit Error Rate for Holographic Data Storage.- 1 Definition of Bit Error Rate.- 2 BER in Terms of Pixel Distribution Functions.- 3 Experimental Distributions of CCD Pixel Values.- 4 Applications.- References.- Media Requirements for Digital Holographic Data Storage.- 1 Ideal Media Parameters.- 1.1 Optical Quality.- 1.2 Sensitivity.- 1.3 Dynamic Range.- 1.4 Absorption.- 1.5 Volatility.- 2 Example Materials.- 3 Stability of Stored Data.- 3.1 Dark Decay.- 3.2 Decay During Readout: Fixing.- 3.3 Two-Color Recording.- 4 Hologram Fidelity and Bit Error Rate.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- Inorganic Photorefractive Materials.- 1 Charge Transport.- 2 Storage Properties: Dark Storage Time, Response Time, Capacity, Sensitivity.- 3 Theoretical Performance Limits.- 4 Various Crystals.- 5 Nondestructive Readout.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- Hologram Fixing and Nonvolatile Storage in Photorefractive Materials.- 1 Thermally Assisted Ionic Fixing.- 1.1 Hologram Fixing and Ionic Conduction in LiNbO3.- 1.2 Lifetime of Fixed Ionic Gratings.- 1.3 High-Low Fixing.- 2 Fixing by Spontaneous Polarization Modulation.- 3 Two-Photon Holographic Recording in Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate.- 3.1 Undoped Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate.- 3.2 Doped Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate.- 3.3 Summary on Two-Photon Recording in LiNbO3 ..- References.- Two-Color Holography in Lithium Niobate.- 1 Materials.- 2 Experimental.- 3 Spectroscopy and Sensitization.- 4 Photorefractive Properties.- 4.1 Sensitivity.- 4.2 Gating Ratio.- 4.3 Dynamic Range.- 4.4 Dark Decay.- 4.5 The Role of Iron.- 5 Conclusion.- References.- Overview of Photorefractive Polymers for Holographic Data Storage.- 1 Brief History of Photorefractive Polymers.- 2 Physics and Chemistry of Photorefractive Polymers.- 2.1 Photogeneration.- 2.2 Transport.- 2.3 Index Change: Electro-Optic and Orientational Effects.- 3 Performance of Current Photorefractive Polymers.- 3.1 Spectral Sensitivity.- 3.2 Dynamic Range.- 3.3 Material Stability.- 3.4 Speed.- 3.5 Applications.- 4 Trends and Outlook.- References.- Photopolymer Systems.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Chemistry of Photopolymer Systems.- 2.1 Monomers.- 2.2 Photoinitiation Systems.- 2.3 Binders.- 3 Recording Characteristics of Photopolyrners.- 4 Recording Mechanism.- 4.1 Refractive Index Changes.- 4.2 Component Segregation.- 5 Recording Thick Photopolymer Holograms.- 5.1 Light Absorption.- 5.2 Low Viscosity.- 6 Image Quality in Photopolymer Holograms.- 6.1 Shrinkage.- 7 Data Storage in Photopolymer Holograms.- 7.1 Multiplexing.- 7.2 Data Page Recording.- 8 Summary.- References.- Photopolymers for Digital Holographic Data Storage.- 1 Hologram Formation in Photopolymer Systems.- 2 Photopolymer Materials.- 3 Formation of Thick, Optically Flat Media.- 4 Holographic Characterization of Photopolymer Media.- 4.1 Recording-Induced Bragg Detuning.- 4.2 Dynamic Range.- 5 Holographic Digital Data Storage in Photopolymer Media.- 6 Summary.- References.- Photoaddressable Polymers.- 1 Photoaddressable Polymers.- 1.1 Photochemistry of Azobenzene.- 1.2 Azobenzene Containing Polymers.- 1.3 Liquid Crystalline Side Chain Polymers.- 2 Materials Under Investigation.- 2.1 The Choice of the Main Chain.- 2.2 The Spacer.- 2.3 The Choice of the Azo Group.- 2.4 The Choice of the Mesogenic Group.- 2.5 The Azo Group Concentration.- 3 State of the Art in the Literature.- 4 Photoaddressable Polymers from Bayer.- 5 Photoaddressable Polymers Used in Holographic Data Storage.- 6 Open Questions and Outlook.- References.- III Components.- Laser Sources.- 1 Laser Requirements.- 2 Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers.- 3 Semiconductor Lasers.- References.- Beam Deflectors and Spatial Light Modulators for Holographic Storage Application.- 1 Description of the Holographic Disk System.- 2 Recording Density.- 3 SLM Characteristics and System SNR.- 4 Recording Rate.- 5 Beam Deflector for Holographic Data Readout.- References.- Beam Conditioning Techniques for Holographic Recording Systems.- 1 Defocusing.- 2 Random Phase Masks.- 3 Pseudo-Random Phase Masks.- 4 Axicons.- 5 Discussion and Summary.- References.- Detector Arrays for Digital Holographic Storage Applications.- 1 General Considerations for Detector Arrays.- 1.1 Size, Power and Cost.- 1.2 Number of Pixels, Readout Rate, and Pixel Size Considerations.- 1.3 Noise, Dynamic Range, and Analog-to-Digital Converter Resolution.- 2 Detector Array Choices.- 2.1 Quantum Efficiency.- 2.2 Noise.- 3 Readout Rate.- 4 System Implementation.- 5 Conclusion.- References.- IV Channels.- Modulation Codes for Holographic Recording.- 1 Block Codes.- 1.1 Correlation Detection and Balanced Block Codes.- 1.2 Sparse Block Codes.- 1.3 Parity Thresholding.- 2 Strip Codes.- 2.1 Balanced and Pseudo-Balanced Strip Codes.- 2.2 Inter-Pixel Interference and Low-Pass Codes.- 2.3 Combined Constant-Weight Low-Pass Codes.- References.- Interleaving and Error Correction for Holographic Storage.- 1 Capacity.- 2 Error Correction.- 3 Interleaving.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- Equalization for Volume Holographic Data Storage Systems.- 1 Channel Modeling.- 2 Equalization Methods.- 2.1 Zero Forcing Equalization.- 2.2 LMMSE Equalization.- 2.3 Partial Response (PR) Equalization.- 3 Equalization Results.- 4 Implementation Issues.- 5 Summary.- References.- Gray-Scale Data Pages for Digital Holographic Data Storage.- 1 Motivation for Gray-Scale.- 2 Predistortion.- 3 Encoding Digital Data into Gray-Scale Pixels.- 4 Capacity Estimation.- 5 Optimizing the Error Correction Coding to Obtain User Capacity.- 6 Summary.- References.- V Demonstration Platforms.- System Optimization for Holographic Data Storage Systems.- 1 Noise.- 2 Camera Quantization.- 3 Choice of Fill-Factors and Apertures.- 4 Capacity-Estimation Procedure.- 5 Choice of ECC Design Point: Effect of Variations in Diffraction Efficiency.- 6 Summary.- References.- Tamarack Optical Head Holographic Storage.- 1 Roots.- 2 Design Evolution.- 3 Final System Approach.- 3.1 Requirements.- 3.2 Optical Head.- 3.3 Media Disk.- 3.4 Data Format.- 4 Holographic Optical Head.- 4.1 Reference Path Optical Design.- 4.2 Object Path Optical Design.- 5 Mechanical Design.- 5.1 Page Motor Design.- 5.2 HOH-Media Positioning.- 5.3 Changer.- 6 Summary.- High-Density, High-Performance Data Storage via Volume Holography: The Lucent Technologies Hardware Platform.- 1 Materials.- 2 Multiplexing Methods.- 3 Components.- 4 Holographic Demonstration System.- 5 System Evolution.- 6 Summary.- References.- IBM Holographic Digital Data Storage Test Platforms.- 1 PRISM Photorefractive Materials Tester.- 2 DEMON I Holographic Data Storage Engine.- 3 DEMON II Advanced Holographic Digital Data Storage Engine.- 4 Innovative Optics.- 4.1 Axicons.- 4.2 Aspherical Apodizer.- References.- Digital Holographic Demonstration Systems by Stanford University and Siros Technologies.- 1 Optical Architectures.- 2 Capacity Versus Transfer Rate Tradeoff.- 3 Demonstration Platforms.- 4 The Stanford University all Digital System Demonstration (Science, 1994).- 5 The Siros First Fully Automated Video Demonstration (1995).- 6 The Siros Fully Automated System with Electronic Readout at Video Rates (PRISM, 1996).- 7 The Stanford University and Siros Fully Electronic Data Readout System Achieving 1 Gbit/s (HDSS, 2000).- 8 The Stanford University and Siros 100-Gbytes Capacity and 1 Gbit/s Readout System Demonstrator.- References.- Holographic Read-Only Memory.- 1 Specifications.- 2 Recorder.- 3 Reader.- 4 Replication.- Digital Holographic Data Storage with Fast Access.- 1 Introduction.- 2 System Architecture.- 3 System Operation.- References.- A Demonstration Platform for Phase-Coded Multiplexing.- 1 Phase-Coded Multiplexing.- 1.1 Phase Code Generation.- 1.2 Arithmetic Image Operations.- 2 Design and Implementation of the Demonstrator.- 3 Experimental Results.- 3.1 Arithmetic Image Operations.- 3.2 Data Encryption.- 4 Summary.- References.- Volume Holographic Optical Correlators.- 1 Optical Correlation.- 2 Volume Holographic Correlators.- 3 Volume Holographic Database System Architecture.- 3.1 Associative Recall with Binary Data.- 3.2 Associative Recall with Image Data.- 4 Fuzzy Volume Holographic Search Engine.- 4.1 All-Optical Search-and-Retrieve Demonstration.- 5 Evaluation of Associative Recall.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- VI Competing Technologies.- The Continuing Evolution of Magnetic Hard Disk Drives.- 1 Areal Density.- 2 Magnetic Recording Head Physics GMR,.- 3 Magnetic Disk Design and Physical Spacing.- 4 The Mechanical HDD Design and Form Factor Evolution.- 5 Price.- 6 Performance and Coding.- 7 Super Paramagnetism and Limits for Magnetic Recording.- 8 Conclusion.- References.- Optical Disk Storage Roadmap.- 1 Product Categories.- 2 Technology Status and Outlook.- 3 Summary.- References.- Alternative Storage Techniques.- 1 Three-Dimensional Optical Recording.- 1.1 Electron Trapping Optical Memory.- 1.2 Liquid Crystal Optical Disk.- 1.3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Optical Data Storage.- 1.4 Optical Tape Technology.- 2 New Storage Forms.- 2.1 Persistent Spectral Hole Burning.- 2.2 Two-Photon Three-Dimensional Recording.- 2.3 Charged Particle Beam Technology.- 2.4 Optical Storage Card.- 2.5 Scanning Probe Storage.- 3 Conclusions.- References.