1 Acids, bases and hydrogen ions (protons). 2 Understanding pH. 3 Production and removal of protons into and from the blood. 4 Metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis. 5 Respiratory alkalosis and respiratory acidosis. 6 Amino acids and the primary structure of proteins. 7 Secondary structure of proteins. 8 Tertiary and quaternary structures and collagen. 9 Enzymes: nomenclature, kinetics and inhibitors. 10 Regulation of enzyme activity. 11 Carbohydrates. 12 Absorption of carbohydrates and metabolism of galactose. 13 Oxidation/reduction reactions, coenzymes and prosthetic groups. 14 Anaerobic production of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, phosphocreatine and adenylate kinase reaction. 15 Aerobic production of ATP. 16 Biosynthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation I. 17 Biosynthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation II. 18 What happens when protons or electrons leak from the respiratory chain?. 19 Free radicals, reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage. 20 Aerobic oxidation of glucose to provide energy as ATP. 21 Anaerobic oxidation of glucose by glycolysis to form ATP and lactate. 22 Anaerobic glycolysis in red blood cells, 2,3-BPG and the Bohr effect. 23 The fate of glucose in liver: glycogenesis and lipogenesis. 24 Fructose metabolism. 25 Glucose homeostasis. 26 Glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin from b-cells. 27 Regulation of glycogen metabolism. 28 Glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) and glycogen storage diseases. 29 Insulin signal transduction and diabetes mellitus. 30 Regulation of glycolysis and Krebs cycle. 31 Oxidation of fatty acids to produce ATP in muscle and ketone bodies in liver. 32 Regulation of lipolysis, b-oxidation, ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis. 33 Diabetes mellitus. 34 Alcohol metabolism: hypoglycaemia, hyperlactataemia and steatosis. 35 Structure of lipids. 36 Phospholipids I: phospholipids and sphingolipids. 37 Phospholipids II: micelles, liposomes, lipoproteins and membranes. 38 Metabolism of carbohydrate and fat to cholesterol 86. 39 VLDL and LDL metabolism (forward cholesterol transport). 40 VLDL and LDL metabolism (endogenous triacylglycerol transport). 41 HDL metabolism (reverse cholesterol transport). 42 Absorption and disposal of dietary triacylglycerol, and cholesterol by chylomicrons. 43 Steroid hormones: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens and oestrogens. 44 Urea cycle and overview of amino acid catabolism. 45 Non-essential and essential amino acids. 46 Amino acid metabolism: to energy as ATP; to glucose and ketone bodies. 47 Amino acid disorders: maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, cystinuria, alkaptonuria and albinism. 48 Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism in health and disease. 49 The products of tryptophan and histidine metabolism. 50 Pyrimidine metabolism. 51 Purine metabolism. 52 Haem, bilirubin and porphyria. 53 Fat-soluble vitamins I: vitamins A and D. 54 Fat-soluble vitamins II: vitamins E and K. 55 Water-soluble vitamins I: thiamin, ribofl avin, niacin and pantothenate. 56 Water-soluble vitamins II: pyridoxal phosphate (B6). 57 Water-soluble vitamins III: folate and vitamin B12. 58 Water-soluble vitamins IV: biotin and vitamin C. 59 Diagnostic clinical chemistry. Index
