List of Contributors xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Glossary xxiii
1 General 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The LTE Scene 1
1.3 The Role of LTE in Mobile Communications 2
1.4 LTE/SAE Deployment Process 3
1.5 The Contents of the Book 7
References 9
2 Drivers for LTE/SAE 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Mobile System Generations 11
2.3 Data Service Evolution 14
2.4 Reasons for the Deployment of LTE 19
2.5 Next Steps of LTE/SAE 20
2.6 Summary of the Benefits of LTE 21
References 21
3 LTE/SAE Overview 23
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 LTE/SAE Standards 24
3.3 How to Find Information from Specs? 25
3.4 Evolution Path Towards LTE 27
3.5 Key Parameters of LTE 28
3.6 LTE vs WiMAX 29
3.7 Models for Roaming Architecture 29
3.8 LTE/SAE Services 36
3.9 LTE-Advanced--Next Generation LTE 40
References 42
4 Performance Requirements 45
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 LTE Key Features 45
4.3 Standards LTE Requirements 49
4.4 Effects of the Requirements on the LTE/SAE Network Deployment 60
References 62
5 LTE and SAE Architecture 63
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Elements 63
5.3 Interfaces 70
5.4 Protocol Stacks 71
5.5 Layer 2 Structure 75
References 77
6 Transport and Core Network 79
6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 Functionality of Transport Elements 79
6.3 Transport Network 83
6.4 Core Network 85
6.5 IP Multimedia Subsystem 86
References 93
7 LTE Radio Network 95
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 LTE Radio Interface 95
7.3 LTE Spectrum 96
7.4 OFDM and OFDMA 96
7.5 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 107
7.6 Reporting 108
7.7 LTE Radio Resource Management 111
7.8 RRM Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 113
7.9 Uplink RRM 123
7.10 Downlink RRM 128
7.11 Intra-LTE Handover 132
References 134
8 Terminals and Applications 137
8.1 Introduction 137
8.2 Effect of Smartphones on LTE 137
8.3 Interworking 139
8.4 LTE Terminal Requirements 143
8.5 LTE Applications 149
References 155
9 Voice Over LTE 157
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 CS Fallback for Evolved Packet System 158
9.3 SMS Over SGs 159
9.4 Voice and Other CS Services than SMS 164
9.5 Voice and SMS Over IP 169
9.6 Summary 186
References 187
10 Functionality of LTE/SAE 189
10.1 Introduction 189
10.2 States 189
10.3 End-to-End Functionality 199
10.4 LTE/SAE Roaming 200
10.5 Charging 216
References 219
11 LTE/SAE Security 221
11.1 Introduction 221
11.2 LTE Security Risk Identification 222
11.3 LTE/SAE Service Security--Case Example 234
11.4 Authentication and Authorization 238
11.5 Customer Data Safety 239
11.6 Lawful Interception 239
References 242
12 Planning and Deployment of SAE 243
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 Network Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC 243
12.3 Entering Commercial Phase: Support for Multi-Mode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Pre-Release 8 SGSN 245
12.4 SGSN/MME Evolution 248
12.5 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 249
12.6 Mobile Gateway Evolution 250
12.7 Case Example: Commercial GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 251
12.8 EPC Network Deployment and Topology Considerations 252
12.9 LTE Access Dimensioning 254
13 Radio Network Planning 257
13.1 Introduction 257
13.2 Radio Network Planning Process 257
13.3 Nominal Network Planning 260
13.4 Capacity Planning 263
13.5 Coverage Planning 264
13.6 Self-Optimizing Network 271
Reference 272
14 LTE/SAE Measurements 273
14.1 Introduction 273
14.2 General 273
14.3 Principles of Radio Interface Measurements 273
14.4 LTE Field Measurements 282
14.5 Evolution Changes the Rules of Testing 289
14.6 General Test Requirements and Methods for the LTE Air Interface 292
14.7 Test Requirements in SAE 298
14.8 Throughput Testing 300
14.9 Self-Organizing Network Techniques for Test and Measurement 306
14.10 Field Testing 309
References 323
15 Recommendations 325
15.1 Introduction 325
15.2 Transition to LTE--Use Cases 326
15.3 Spectrum Aspects 327
15.4 Effect of the Advanced GSM Features on the Fluent LTE Deployment 343
15.5 Alternative Network Migration Path (Multi-Operator Case) 367
15.6 Hardware Migration Path 376
15.7 Mobile Backhaul--Towards "All-IP" Transport 381
15.8 LTE Interworking with Legacy Networks for the Optimal Voice and Data Services 384
References 405
Index 407
