Preface 1. Backgrounds to Christianity Overview Judaism and the Context of Christian Origins The History and Thought of Ancient Judaism The Greeks Greek History The Legacy of Alexander Greek Thought Rome and Roman Expansion The Beliefs and Practices of First-Century Jews Judaism in the Greco-Roman World Judaism in Palestine Jewish Political Parties Apocalyptic and Jewish Messianic Expectation Summary 2. The Birth of Christianity Overview John the Baptist and Christian Origins The Life and Teachings of Jesus The Sources Childhood, Baptism, and Temptations Miracles Teaching: The Kingdom of God and the Son of Man Jesus the Radical The Passion The Resurrection and the Early Church Paul Paul's Theology Christology Judaism Salvation An Apocalyptic Preacher Transformation, Freedom, and Responsibility Christian Community The Gospel of John The Context of the Gospel John's Theology Summary 3. Christianity in the Roman World Overview Zenith and Decline of the Empire The First Century The Five Good Emperors The Crisis of the Third Century Diocletian and Constantine The End of the Empire The Growth of the Church Converts and Conversion Persecution Martyrs and Martyrdom The Question of the Lapsed: Cyprian, Novatian, and Donatus Early Christian Writers Justin Martyr Clement of Alexandria Origen Tertullian The Beginnings of Monasticism Egypt: Anthony and Pachomius Syria, Palestine, and Asia Minor The West: Benedict and the Benedictine Rule Summary 4. Councils and Creeds: Defining Orthodoxy in Late Antiquity Overview Establishing Ecclesiastical Authority Challenges: Gnosticism, Marcionism, and Montanism Bishops and Apostolic Succession The Creation of the Canon Rules of Faith and the Apostle's Creed Controversies, Councils, and Creeds Monarchianism The Arian Controversy and the Council of Nicea (325) The Cappadocian Fathers and the Doctrine of the Trinity The Christological Controversy and the Council of Chalcedon(451) Theologians of the Fourth and Fifth Centuries The Cappadocian Fathers John Chrysostom Jerome Ambrose Augustine The Practice of Christianity Holy Days Baptism and the Eucharist Worship The Cult of Saints Summary 5. The Rise of the Church in the Early Middle Ages Overview The Western Church, the Franks, and Feudalism The Merovingians and the Church Charlemagne The Carolingian Renaissance The Conversion of Spain, England, and Ireland The Rise of Feudalism The Church in the Feudal World The Eastern Church and the Byzantine Empire Justinian Byzantium after Justinian The Church in the Byzantine World The Conversion of the Goths and Slavs The Islamic Challenge Muhammad and Islam The Growth of Islamic Civilization Developments in the Eastern Church The Seven Ecumenical Councils The Iconoclastic Controversy John of Damascus Monasticism and Mysticism Developments in the Western Church Early Theories of Papal Authority Gregory the Great John Scotus Eriugena Predestination The Sacraments The Saints and the Virgin Mary The Filioque Summary 6. The Church and Christian Culture in the High Middle Ages Overview The West in the High Middle Ages Economic, Social, and Political Change The Holy Roman Empire Reform and Revival in the Church Monastic Reform Papal Reform under Leo IX and Nicholas II The Reform Ideology of Gregory VII Gregory VII, Henry IV, and the Investiture Controversy The Papal Monarchy Alexander III Innocent III The Papacy in the Thirteenth Century The Crusades Background The Course of the Crusades Consequences of the Crusades Scholasticism The Rise of the Universities Aristotle Anselm of Canterbury Peter Abelard Hugh of St. Victor and Peter Lombard Thomas Aquinas Women and the Virgin Mary Cathedrals: Praise in Stone and Glass Romanesque Style Gothic Style Summary 7. Dissent, Division, and Reform in the Late Middle Ages Overview The West in the Late Middle Ages Decline of the Holy Roman Empire Political Developments in France, England, and Spain Social Unrest The Black Death Decline in the Western Church The Babylonian Captivity The Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement Decline in Monasticism and among the Secular Clergy Pilgrimage, the Cult of Saints, and Indulgences Heretics and Reformers The Cathari and Waldenses The Dominicans and the Inquisition The Franciscans John Wycliffe and Jan Hus Mystics and Mysticism Theology in the West John Duns Scotus William of Ockham Theology and Political Theory The Church and the Renaissance The Renaissance in Italy Humanism in Northern Europe The Renaissance Popes The Eastern Orthodox Church The Break with Rome The Fall of Byzantium The Orthodox Church and the Ottoman State The Russian Orthodox Church The Smaller Churches of Africa and Asia The Coptic and Ethiopian Churches Monophysitism in Syria and Armenia Nestorian Christianity Summary 8. The Protestant Reformation Overview Europe on the Eve of Reformation Martin Luther The Complexity of Martin Luther The Young Luther Professor and Reformer Luther's Theology Scripture Knowledge of God The Human Condition and Salvation The Church Why the Reformation Succeeded The Early Progress of the Lutheran Movement The Urban Reformation The Late Medieval City Nuremberg Strasbourg Erfurt The Peasant Revolts of 1525 Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation The Radical Reformation The Anabaptists The Spiritualists and the Evangelical Humanists Summary 9. Protestant Expansion and Catholic Response Overview The European Scene Royal Absolutism Calvin Calvin's Theology The Spread of Protestantism The Reformation in England and Scotland The Reformation in England The Reformation in Scotland The Puritans Congregationalists Baptists Cromwell and Puritan Political Power The Glorious Revolution The Catholic Reformation Reforming Voices Individual Calls for Reform Reforming Groups Mystics Reforming Popes The Council of Trent Eastern Orthodoxy Summary 10. The Church in an Age of Division and Expansion Overview The Scene in Europe: Politics, Religion, and Strife Germany, Sweden, and the Thirty-Year's War France and the Huguenot Struggle The Netherlands Prussia, Russia, and the Empire Catholic Orthodoxy Popes and Kings Divergence within Catholicism Lutheran Orthodoxy and Protestant Scholasticism Currents in Intellectual Life: The Enlightenment, Rationalism and the Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution Rationalism in Philosophy and Religion Descartes and Continental Rationalism Empiricism The Kantian Synthesis The Philosophes of France Religions of the Head, Religions of the Heart Deism Religions of the Heart Pietism The Great Awakening The Orthodox Church in an Embattled Era The Church in Russia Summary 11. Christianity in the Modern World: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Overview The Modern World: Social, Political, and Economic Change Romanticism and Liberalism Imperialism and Industrialization World Wars and Communist Revolutions The Modern World: Intellectual Change The Natural Sciences The Social Sciences Philosophy History and Biblical Criticism The Roman Catholic Church in the Modern World Napoleon and the Church The Nineteenth Century The Early Twentieth Century Catholic Theology in the Early Twentieth Century John XXIII and the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) Protestantism in the Modern World Nineteenth-Century Liberal Theology Critics of Liberal Christianity Revivalism Protestant Theology in the Early Twentieth Century New Churches The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Christian Science and New Thought Seventh-Day Adventists Jehovah's Witnesses The Eastern Orthodox Church in the Modern World Orthodoxy and the Autocephalous Churches The Russian Orthodox Church The Expansion of Christianity North America South America Africa India China Japan Summary 12. The Church and the Challenge of the New Century Overview Theologies Old and New Biblical Criticism Biblical Theology Theologies of Hope Liberation Theologies Secular Theology Fundamentalism Evangelicalism The Pentacostal and Charismatic Movements Success and Signs and Wonders Christianity The Ecumenical Movement The Catholic Church after Vatican II Hans Kung John Paul II World Christianity: Trends and Prospects Summary
