Preface for Students and Instructors. A Guide to Using The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers 2/e. I. WRITING, READING, AND THINKING.
1. Readers, Writers, and Community Expectations. Recognizing Communities of Writers and Readers: Academic, Work, and Public.
The Writing Process: Realities and Myths.
Entering Electronic Communities.
2. Strategies for Critical Reading and Reflection. Reading Analytically.
Reading Interpretively.
Journals: Bridging Reading and Writing.
3. Planning Strategies for College, Work, and Public Writing. Generating Ideas and Information.
Structuring Ideas and Information.
Creating Generalization-Support Patterns.
Planning in Electronic Environments.
Planning: Paper in Progress.
4. Defining Your Purpose and Thesis. Analyzing Your Purpose.
Using Rhetorical Purposes to Guide Your Decisions.
Defining a Main Idea or Thesis.
5. Considering Your Readers. Defining Your Reader.
Characterizing Your Readers.
Adapting Your Content, Structure, and Style.
Addressing Communities of Readers.
II. DRAFTING AND REVISING: SHAPING YOUR WRITING FOR YOUR COMMUNITY.
6. Drafting. Moving from Planning to Drafting.
Using Drafting Strategies.
Drafting Collaboratively.
Drafting: Paper in Progress.
7. Revising. Making Major Revisions.
Making Minor Revisions.
Revising Collaboratively.
Revising: Paper in Progress.
8. Focusing, Linking, and Developing Paragraphs. Recognizing and Revising Paragraph Focus.
Revising for Focus.
Recognizing and Revising Paragraph Coherence.
Revising for Coherence.
Recognizing and Revising Paragraph Development.
Using Special-Purpose Paragraphs in Academic, Work, and Public Settings.
9. Creating Clear, Emphatic, and Varied Sentences. Creating Clear Sentences.
Creating Direct Sentences.
Creating Emphasis.
Revising for Variety.
III. REPRESENTING YOURSELF: CREATING YOUR PLACE IN A COMMUNITY.
10. Presenting Yourself Through Language Choices. Understanding Home and Community Language Varieties.
Understanding How Dialect Influences Writing.
11. Writing in Online Communities. Writing Online.
Communicating With Email.
Participating in Online Communities.
Writing For the World Wide Web.
Avoiding Plagiarism When Working Online.
12. Representing Yourself Through Critical Reasoning. What is Critical Reasoning?
Building a Chain of Reasoning.
Representing Your Reasoning.
13. Designing Documents. Goals of Document Design.
Principles of Document Design.
Plan Your Documents.
Laying Out Your Document.
Using Type.
Using Visuals.
Model Documents.
IV. EDITING AND PROOFREADING: MEETING COMMUNITY EXPECTATIONS.
14. The Editing and Proofreading Process. Editing Your Own Writing.
Editing Collaboratively.
Editing on the Computer.
Proofreading.
Editing Grammar.
15. Sentence Elements and Sentence Patterns.
Using Words.
Recognizing Sentence Parts: Subjects and Predicates.
Recognizing Phrases.
Recognizing Subordinate Clauses.
Recognizing Different Sentence Types.
16. Case of Nouns and Pronouns.
Recognizing Pronoun Case.
Editing Common Problems with Pronoun Case.
Editing
Who and
Whom.
17. Verbs.
Recognizing Simple Present and Past Tense.
Editing Simple Present Tense Verbs.
Editing Past Tense Verbs.
Recognizing and Editing Problems With Participles.
Editing Progressive and Perfect Tenses.
Recognizing the Subjunctive Mood.
Recognizing Clear Tense Sequence.
Recognizing Active and Passive Voice.
Editing Troublesome Verbs
(lie, lay, sit, set).
18. Agreement (Subject and Verb, Pronoun and Antecedent).
Recognizing Subject-Verb Agreement.
Editing for Subject-Verb Agreement.
Editing for Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement.
19. Adjectives and Adverbs.
Recognizing What Adjectives and Adverbs Do.
Avoiding Confusion Between Adjectives and Adverbs.
Using Comparatives and Superlatives.
Avoiding Double Negatives.
Using Noun Modifiers.
Editing for Sentence Problems.
20. Sentence Fragments.
Recognizing Sentence Fragments.
Editing Sentence Fragments.
Editing Troublesome Constructions.
Using Partial Sentences.
21. Comma Splices and Fused Sentences.
Recognizing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences.
Editing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences.
22. Pronoun Reference.
Making Pronoun Reference Clear.
Making Reference Specific.
Matching
Who, Which, and
That to Antecedents.
23. Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiers.
Recognizing and Editing Misplaced Modifiers.
Recognizing and Editing Dangling Modifiers.
Recognizing and Editing Disruptive Modifiers.
Using Absolute Phrases Effectively.
24. Shifts.
Keeping Person and Number Consistent.
Keeping Tense and Mood Consistent.
Keeping Voice Consistent.
Avoiding Shifts Between Direct and Indirect Quotation.
25. Mixed and Incomplete Sentences.
Editing Mixed Sentences.
Editing Incomplete Sentences.
26. Parallelism.
Building Parallelism.
Editing for Parallelism Within the Sentence.
Editing for Parallelism Beyond the Sentence.
Maintaining Parallelism in Lists.
27. Coordination and Subordination.
Using Coordination.
Using Subordination.
Editing for Word Choice.
28. Choosing Appropriate Words.
Thinking About Word Choice.
Using Precise Diction.
Using Strategies for Editing Diction.
29. Using Dictionaries and Building Vocabulary.
Choosing Dictionaries to Serve Your Needs.
Using a Dictionary.
Using Dictionaries in the Age of Technology.
Building Vocabulary.
30. Wordiness.
Editing for Common Types of Wordiness.
Editing for Cliches, Generalizations, and Overblown Language.
31. Avoiding Sexist and Discriminatory Language.
Recognizing and Editing Sexist Language.
Avoiding Discriminatory Language.Editing for Punctuation.
32. Commas.
Using Commas to Help Join Sentences.
Using Commas to Set Off Introductory Phrases.
Using Commas to Set off Nonrestrictive Modifiers.
Using Commas to Set Off Parenthetical Expressions.
Using Commas in a Series.
Separating Coordinate Adjectives with a Comma.
Using Commas with Dates, Numbers, Addresses, Place Names, People's Titles, and Letters.
Using Commas with Quotations.
Using Commas to Make Your Meaning Clear.
Avoiding Commas that Do Not Belong.
33. Semicolons and Colons.
Using Semicolons.
Using Colons.
34. Apostrophes.
Using Apostrophes to Mark Possession.
Using Apostrophes to Mark Contractions and Omissions.
35. Quotation Marks.
Marking Quotations.
Using Block Quotations.
Writing Dialogue.
Labeling Titles of Short Works.
Indicating Special Meanings of Words and Phrases.
Indicating Irony, Sarcasm, and Authorial Distance.
36. Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points.
Using Periods.
Using Question Marks.
Using Exclamation Points.
37. Special Punctuation Marks.
Using Parentheses.
Using Brackets.
Using Dashes.
Using Ellipses.
Using Slashes.
Proofreading for Mechanics and Spelling.
38. Capitalization.
Using a Capital at the Beginning of a Sentence.
Using Capitals for Proper Nouns and Adjectives.
39. Italics (Underlining).
Following Conventions for Underlining (Using Italics).
Underlining for Emphasis.
40. Hyphens and Word Division.
Using Hyphens to Divide Words.
Using Hyphens to Join Words.
41. Numbers.
Spelling Out Numbers or Using Numerals.
Following Special Conventions.
Avoiding Too Many Numbers.
42. Abbreviations.
Using Familiar Abbreviations.
Using Abbreviations Sparingly.
43. Strategies for Spelling.
Spelling As You Write.
Recognizing and Correcting Spelling Errors.
Using Long-term Strategies to Improve Your Spelling.
Spelling and the Computer.
V. USING RESEARCH STRATEGIES: READING AND WRITING WITHIN A RESEARCH COMMUNITY.
44. Participating in Research Communities: Academic, Work, and Public. Focusing Your Research Topic.
Developing Your Persona as a Researcher.
Planning Your Research.
45. Using Print and Electronic Resources. Developing Search Strategies.
Identifying Print and Electronic Resources.
Search Strategies for Electronic Environments.
46. Reading Critically and Evaluating Sources. Building a Working Bibliography.
Taking Notes: Analytical and Critical.
Reading Print and Electronic Sources Analytically.
Reading Print and Electronic Sources Critically.
47. Turning Research into Writing. Moving From Research Questions To a Plan and a Thesis.
Planning and Drafting Your Paper.
Integrating Print and Electronic Sources into Your Writing.
Understanding Documentation and Avoiding Plagiarism.
48. Doing Fieldwork. Ethnographies.
Interviews.
Surveys, Polls, and Questionnaires.
VI. USING CITATION STYLES.
49. Documenting Sources: MLA. 50. Documenting Sources: APA. 51. Documenting Sources: CBE. 52. Documenting Sources: CMS. 53. Documenting Sources: COS. VII. WRITING STRATEGIES.
54. Writing Argumentative Papers Across the Disciplines. Developing Argumentative Writing.
Developing a Point: Argument in Progress.
Using Critical Thinking to Strengthen Your Argument.
The Position Paper.
The Critique.
The Review.
The Point-Driven Essay.
55. Reading and Writing About Literature. Reading Literary Texts.
Writing About Literary Texts.
The Text Analysis.
56. Writing Informative Papers Across the Disciplines. Developing and Presenting Informative Writing.
Developing an Interview Paper: Informative Writing in Progress.
The Short Informative Documented Paper.
The Literature Review.
The Lab Report.
The Abstract.
The Annotated Bibliography.
The Informative Essay Exam.
57. Developing Business Writing. Using General Strategies for Successful Business Writing.
Writing Business Letters.
Writing Agendas.
Writing Meeting Minutes.
Writing Memos.
Writing Resumes.
Writing Letters of Application.
Glossary of Usage and Terms. 