Introduction
Chapter 1 Apache Basics
Discovering Apache
Determining Whether Apache Is Already Installed
Installing Apache 1.3 on Linux and Unix
Installing Apache 2.0 on Linux and Unix
Installing Apache on Windows
Configuration File Basics
Using Multiple Configuration Files
Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Apache
Changing the Address and Port Apache Uses
Changing the User Apache Runs As
Specifying a Server Name
Providing an Icon for my Web Page
Discovering the Modules Available on the Server
Enabling and Disabling Individual Modules
Adding Modules after Compiling Apache Without Recompiling
Publishing Content
Default Apache Directive Containers
Directive Containers for Conditional Evaluation
Chapter 2 Troubleshooting
Help! My Apache Server Does Not Work!
The Error Log
Logging to the System Log Daemon
Controlling the Amount of Information Logged
Testing the Apache Configuration for Problems
Testing Apache from the Command Line
Checking That Apache Is Running
Alternate Ways of Stopping Apache
Using Apache to Debug Apache
Startup Errors
Syntax Error
Address Already in Use
Could Not Bind to Port
Module Not Compatible
Name Resolution
Cannot Open Log or Configuration File
Access Denied Errors
Internal Server Errors
Segmentation Faults
Premature End of Script Headers
Malformed Headers
Additional Error Log Files
Redirections Do Not Work
Troubleshooting Checklist
Starting the Server
Connecting to the Server
Document Not Found
Access Forbidden
Internal Server Errors
If All Else Fails
Chapter 3 Logs and Monitoring
Introduction to Logging in Apache
Default Apache Log Files
Creating Log Formats
Creating a Custom Log File
Redirecting Logs to an External Program
Logging Requests Conditionally
Monitoring Who Is Linking to Your Website
Monitoring Apache with mod_status
Monitoring Apache with SNMP
Analyzing Your Logs with Open-source Tools
Monitoring Your Logs in Real Time
Logging Requests to a Database
Rotating and Archiving Logs
Controlling IP Address Resolution
Processing Logged IP Addresses
Restarting Apache Automatically If It Fails
Merging and Splitting Log Files
Keeping Separate Logs for Each Virtual Host
Common Log Entries
Chapter 4 URL Mapping and Dynamic Content
URL Mapping
Mapping URLs to Files with Alias
Mapping URL Patterns to Files with AliasMatch
Redirecting a Page to Another Location
Redirecting to the Latest Version of a File
Redirecting Failed or Unauthorized Requests
Defining Content Handlers
Understanding MIME Types
Configuring MIME Types
Basics of Running CGI Scripts
Marking Resources As Executable CGIs
Associating Scripts with HTTP Methods and MIME Types
Troubleshooting the Execution of CGI Scripts
Improving CGI Script Performance
Understanding Server Side Includes
Configuring Server Side Includes
Setting Environment Variables
Setting Environment Variables Dynamically
Special Environment Variables
Understanding Content Negotiation
Configuring Content Negotiation
Assigning Default Charsets and Language Priorities
Advanced URL Mapping with mod_rewrite
Understanding the "Trailing Slash" Problem
Fixing Spelling Mistakes
Fixing Capitalization Problems
Validating Your Pages with Tidy
Chapter 5 Virtual Hosting
What Is Virtual Hosting?
What Is IP-based Virtual Hosting?
Configuring IP-based Virtual Hosting
What Is Name-based Virtual Hosting?
Configuring Name-based Virtual Hosting
What Happens If a Request Does Not Match Any Virtual Host?
Configuring a Default Name-based Virtual Host
Configuring a Default IP-based Virtual Host
Mixing Name-based and IP-based Virtual Hosts
Debugging Virtual Host Setups
Using SSL with Name-based Virtual Hosts
Alternate Virtual Hosting
Alternate Virtual Hosting Modules
Per-directory Configuration Files
Controlling the Scope of Per-directory Configuration Files
Disabling Per-directory Configuration Files
Chapter 6 Security and Access Control
Understanding the Need for Access Control
Differences Between Apache Versions
Understanding Basic and Digest Authentication
Introducing Apache Access Control
Introducing Apache Authorization and Authentication Configuration
Creating a User Database
Using Require to Authorize Users and Groups
Handling a Large Number of Users
Allowing Access Only to Specific IP Addresses
Denying Access to Specific IP Addresses
Combining Access Control Methods
Customizing Your Access Denied Page
Putting Users in Control
Denying Access to System and Sensitive Files
Restricting Program Execution
Preventing Abuse
Disabling Directory Listings
Changing the Server: Header
Preventing Hotlinking to Your Images
Restricting Specific HTTP Methods
Restricting Access Based on the Browser Type
Using Location and Directory Sections
Additional Authentication Modules
mod_security
Apache 2.2
Keeping Up to Date with Apache Security
Security Checklist
Disable Unneeded Modules
Remove Sample Scripts
Limit or Disable CGI Execution and SSI
Check File Permissions
Limit or Disable Proxy Functionality
Restrict Access to Your Server by Default
Chapter 7 SSL/TLS
What Is SSL?
How Does SSL Work?
Compiling OpenSSL
Encryption Keys
Creating a Key Pair
Creating a Password-protected Key Pair
Remove the Password from a Key
Certificates
Creating a Certificate Signing Request
Showing the Contents of a Certificate Signing Request
Creating a Self-signed Certificate
Compiling SSL Support in Apache 1.3
Compiling SSL Support in Apache 2.x
Minimal Apache Configuration
Starting Apache with SSL Support
SSLPassPhraseDialog
Improving SSL Performance
Forcing All Content to Be Served Using SSL
SSL and Name-based SSL Virtual Hosts
Using Apache Auth Modules with SSL
Warning Messages When Accessing an SSL-enabled Website
Creating Client Certificates
Authentication Using Client Certificates
Alternatives to mod_ssl
Testing SSL-enabled Websites from the Command Line
Working Around Buggy SSL Implementations
Complex Access Control with mod_ssl
Related Chapters
Chapter 8 Content Publishing with DAV
Content Publishing and Apache
Introducing WebDAV
Advantages of Using mod_dav
WebDAV and the HTTP Protocol
Installing mod_dav on Apache 2.0
Installing mod_dav on Apache 1.3
Basic WebDAV Configuration
Securing Your WebDAV Configuration
Accessing DAV Resources from Microsoft Office
Accessing DAV from Microsoft Windows
Accessing DAV Resources from Firefox
Accessing DAV from the Command Line
Dealing with Buggy Clients
mod_speling and DAV
Dynamic Content and DAV
Enabling Per-user Pages
Alternate User Directories
Fixing Problems with DAVLockDB
Chapter 9 Performance and Scalability
Tuning Apache
Understanding Performance and Scalability
Tuning Your Hardware
Increasing OS Limits
Increasing OS Limits on Processes
Increasing OS File Descriptors
Controlling External Processes
Improving File System Performance
Mounting File Systems with noatime Option
Handling Symbolic Links
Disabling Per-directory Configuration Files
Configuring Content Negotiation
Disabling or Minimizing Logging
Tuning Network and Status Settings
HostnameLookups
Request Accept Mechanism
mod_status
AcceptFilter
KeepAlives
Preventing Abuse
Limiting Connections and Bandwidth
Dealing with Robots
Reverse Proxies and Load Balancers
Caching and Compression
Module-specific Optimizations
Alternatives to Apache
Chapter 10 Apache Proxy and Caching Support
Understanding the Need for Caching and Proxies
Understanding Forward and Reverse Proxies
Differences Between Apache 1.3, 2.0, and 2.2
Enabling mod_proxy Support
Enabling Forward Proxy Support
Using a Reverse Proxy to Unify Your URL Space
Hiding the Backend Servers
Preventing URLs from Being Reverse Proxied
Improving Performance
Offloading SSL Processing
Passing Proxy Information in Headers
Manipulating Headers
Implementing a Caching Proxy
Caching in Apache 2
Load Balancing
Connecting to Tomcat
Alternate Proxies
Transparent HTTP Proxies
Chapter 11 Multi Processing and Protocol Modules
The Evolution of Apache's Architecture
Selecting a Multi Processing Module
Understanding Process-Based MPMs
Configuring the Prefork MPM
Understanding Threaded and Hybrid MPMs
Configuring the Worker MPM
Using Alternate MPMs
Understanding Apache 2 Filters
Using Apache As an FTP Server
Using Apache As a POP3 Server
Compressing Content on the Fly
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