Contents
Timeline and Technology Briefs iv
Preface to the 2006 Edition xiii
1 Introduction: Waves and Phasors 2
1-1 Dimensions, Units, and Notation 5
1-2 The Nature of Electromagnetism 12
1-2.1 The Gravitational Force: A Useful Analogue 13
1-2.2 Electric Fields 14
1-2.3 Magnetic Fields 16
1-2.4 Static and Dynamic Fields 18
1-3 Traveling Waves 18
1-3.1 Sinusoidal Wave in a Lossless Medium 21
1-3.2 Sinusoidal Wave in a Lossy Medium 23
1-4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 26
1-5 Review of Complex Numbers 28
1-6 Review of Phasors 31
2 Transmission Lines 40
2-1 General Considerations 41
2-1.1 The Role of Wavelength 42
2-1.2 Propagation Modes 43
2-2 Lumped-Element Model 45
2-3 Transmission-Line Equations 49
2-4 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line 50
2-5 The Lossless Transmission Line 53
2-5.1 Voltage Reflection Coefficient 54
2-5.2 Standing Waves 57
2-6 Input Impedance of the Lossless Line 61
2-7 Special Cases of the Lossless Line 64
2-7.1 Short-Circuited Line 64
2-7.2 Open-Circuited Line 66
2-7.3 Application of Short-Circuit and Open-Circuit Measurements 66
2-7.4 Lines of Length l = n /2 68
2-7.5 Quarter-Wave Transformer 68
2-7.6 Matched Transmission Line: ZL = Z0 68
2-8 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line 70
2-8.1 Instantaneous Power 70
2-8.2 Time-Average Power 71
2-9 The Smith Chart 72
2-9.1 Parametric Equations 72
2-9.2 Input Impedance 77
2-9.3 SWR, Voltage Maxima and Minima 79
2-9.4 Impedance to Admittance Transformations 80
2-10 Impedance Matching 88
2-11 Transients on Transmission Lines 92
2-11.1 Transient Response 92
2-11.2 Bounce Diagrams 96
3 Vector Analysis 108
3-1 Basic Laws of Vector Algebra 109
3-1.1 Equality of Two Vectors 110
3-1.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction 111
3-1.3 Position and Distance Vectors 111
3-1.4 Vector Multiplication 112
3-1.5 Scalar and Vector Triple Products 115
3-2 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems 116
3-2.1 Cartesian Coordinates 117
3-2.2 Cylindrical Coordinates 117
3-2.3 Spherical Coordinates 121
3-3 Transformations between Coordinate Systems 123
3-3.1 Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformations 123
3-3.2 Cartesian to Spherical Transformations 125
3-3.3 Cylindrical to Spherical Transformations 127
3-3.4 Distance between Two Points 127
3-4 Gradient of a Scalar Field 130
3-4.1 Gradient Operator in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 131
3-4.2 Properties of the Gradient Operator 132
3-5 Divergence of a Vector Field 133
3-5.1 Divergence Theorem 135
3-5.2 Remarks on Notation 135
3-6 Curl of a Vector Field 139
3-6.1 Vector Identities Involving the Curl 140
3-6.2 Stokes's Theorem 141
3-7 Laplacian Operator 142
Problems 144
4 Electrostatics 150
4-1 Maxwell's Equations 151
4-2 Charge and Current Distributions 152
4-2.1 Charge Densities 152
4-2.2 Current Density 154
4-3 Coulomb's Law 155
4-3.1 Electric Field due to Multiple Point Charges 156
4-3.2 Electric Field due to a Charge Distribution 157
4-4 Gauss's Law 160
4-5 Electric Scalar Potential 163
4-5.1 Electric Potential as a Function of Electric Field 163
4-5.2 Electric Potential due to Point Charges 165
4-5.3 Electric Potential due to Continuous Distributions 165
4-5.4 Electric Field as a Function of Electric Potential 165
4-5.5 Poisson's Equation 167
4-6 Electrical Properties of Materials 168
4-7 Conductors 169
4-7.1 Resistance 170
4-7.2 Joule's Law 172
4-8 Dielectrics 173
4-9 Electric Boundary Conditions 177
4-9.1 Dielectric-Conductor Boundary 180
4-9.2 Conductor-Conductor Boundary 181
4-10 Capacitance 182
4-11 Electrostatic Potential Energy 190
4-12 Image Method 191
Problems 194
5 Magnetostatics 204
5-1 Magnetic Forces and Torques 205
5-1.1 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 207
5-1.2 Magnetic Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop 210
5-2 The Biot-Savart Law 213
5-2.1 Magnetic Field due to Surface and Volume Current Distributions 214
5-2.2 Magnetic Field of a Magnetic Dipole 217
5-3 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors 218
5-4 Maxwell's Magnetostatic Equations 219
5-4.1 Gauss's Law for Magnetism 219
5-4.2 Amp`ere's Law 220
5-5 Vector Magnetic Potential 226
5-6 Magnetic Properties of Materials 228
5-6.1 Orbital and Spin Magnetic Moments 228
5-6.2 Magnetic Permeability 229
5-6.3 Magnetic Hysteresis of Ferromagnetic Materials 230
5-7 Magnetic Boundary Conditions 233
5-8 Inductance 234
5-8.1 Magnetic Field in a Solenoid 235
5-8.2 Self-inductance 238
5-8.3 Mutual Inductance 240
5-9 Magnetic Energy 241
Problems 245
6 Maxwell's Equations for Time-Varying Fields 254
6-1 Faraday's Law 255
6-2 Stationary Loop in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field 257
6-3 The Ideal Transformer 261
6-4 Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field 262
6-5 The Electromagnetic Generator 265
6-6 Moving Conductor in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field 267
6-7 Displacement Current 268
6-8 Boundary Conditions for Electromagnetics 270
6-9 Charge-Current Continuity Relation 271
6-10 Free-Charge Dissipation in a Conductor 273
6-11 Electromagnetic Potentials 276
6-11.1 Retarded Potentials 276
6-11.2 Time-Harmonic Potentials 277
Problems 281
7 Plane-Wave Propagation 286
7-1 Time-Harmonic Fields 288
7-1.1 Complex Permittivity 289
7-1.2 Wave Equations for a Charge-Free Medium 289
7-2 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossless Media 290
7-2.1 Uniform Plane Waves 290
7-2.2 General Relation between E and H 294
7-3 Wave Polarization 295
7-3.1 Linear Polarization 296
7-3.2 Circular Polarization 297
7-3.3 Elliptical Polarization 299
7-4 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossy Media 304
7-4.1 Low-Loss Dielectric 306
7-4.2 Good Conductor 306
7-5 Current Flow in a Good Conductor 308
7-6 Electromagnetic Power Density 311
7-6.1 Plane Wave in a Lossless Medium 312
7-6.2 Plane Wave in a Lossy Medium 313
7-6.3 Decibel Scale for Power Ratios 314
Problems 316
8 Reflection, Transmission, and Waveguides 320
8-1 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence 322
8-1.1 Boundary between Lossless Media 322
8-1.2 Transmission-Line Analogue 325
8-1.3 Power Flow in Lossless Media 326
8-1.4 Boundary between Lossy Media 329
8-2 Snell's Laws 331
8-3 Fiber Optics 334
8-4 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence 336
8-4.1 Perpendicular Polarization 337
8-4.2 Parallel Polarization 341
8-4.3 Brewster Angle 343
8-5 Reflectivity and Transmissivity 346
8-6 Waveguides 349
8-7 General Relations for E and H 351
8-8 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide 352
8-9 TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguide 357
8-10 Propagation Velocities 358
8-11 Cavity Resonators 363
8-11.1 Resonant Frequency 364
8-11.2 Quality Factor 364
Problems 366
9 Radiation and Antennas 372
9-1 The Short Dipole 375
9-1.1 Far-Field Approximation 377
9-1.2 Power Density 378
9-2 Antenna Radiation Characteristics 380
9-2.1 Antenna Pattern 381
9-2.2 Beam Dimensions 383
9-2.3 Antenna Directivity 383
9-2.4 Antenna Gain 386
9-2.5 Radiation Resistance 386
9-3 Half-Wave Dipole Antenna 387
9-3.1 Directivity of /2 Dipole 389
9-3.2 Radiation Resistance of /2 Dipole 389
9-3.3 Quarter-Wave Monopole Antenna 390
9-4 Dipole of Arbitrary Length 391
9-5 Effective Area of a Receiving Antenna 392
9-6 Friis Transmission Formula 395
9-7 Radiation by Large-Aperture Antennas 397
9-8 Rectangular Aperture with Uniform Aperture Distribution 400
9-8.1 Beamwidth 401
9-8.2 Directivity and Effective Area 402
9-9 Antenna Arrays 403
9-10 N-Element Array with Uniform Phase Distribution 410
9-11 Electronic Scanning of Arrays 412
9-11.1 Uniform-Amplitude Excitation 414
9-11.2 Array Feeding 415
Problems 418
10 Satellite Communication Systems and Radar Sensors 424
10-1 Satellite Communication Systems 425
10-2 Satellite Transponders 427
10-3 Communication-Link Power Budget 430
10-4 Antenna Beams 432
10-5 Radar Sensors 433
10-5.1 Basic Operation of a Radar System 433
10-5.2 Unambiguous Range 434
10-5.3 Range and Angular Resolutions 435
10-6 Target Detection 436
10-7 Doppler Radar 439
10-8 Monopulse Radar 440
Problems 444
A Symbols, Quantities, and Units 445
B Material Constants of Some Common Materials 447
C Mathematical Formulas 449
D Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 451
Bibliography 457
Index 459
