Foreword: A Short History of History of Modern Art
The Art of Looking
Experience and Interpretation
A Book That Moves with the Times
Preface
What's New: Chapter-by-chapter revisions
1: The Origins of Modern Art
SOURCE: Theophile Gautier, preface to Mademoiselle de Maupin (1835)
Making Art and Artists: The Role of the Critic
A Marketplace for Art
CONTEXT: Modernity and Modernism the Modern Artist
What Does It Mean to Be an Artist?: From Academic
Emulation toward Romantic Originality
Making Sense of a Turbulent World: The Legacy of Neoclassicism and Romanticism
TECHNIQUE: Printmaking Techniques
History Painting
Landscape Painting
2: The Search for Truth: Early Photography, Realism, and Impressionism
New Ways of Seeing: Photography and its Influence
TECHNIQUE: Daguerreotype versus Calotype
Only the Truth: Realism
France
England
Seizing the Moment: Impressionism and the Avant-Garde
Manet and Whistler
From Realism to Impressionism
Nineteenth-Century Art in the United States
Early American Artists and the Hudson River School
New Styles and Techniques in Later Nineteenth-
SOURCE: Charles Baudelaire, from his Salon of 1859
Century American Art
3: Post-Impressionism
The Poetic Science of Color: Seurat and the Neo-Impressionists
Form and Nature: Paul Cezanne
Early Career and Relation to Impressionism
Later Career
The Triumph of Imagination: Symbolism
Reverie and Representation: Moreau, Puvis, and Redon
The Naive Art of Henri Rousseau
An Art Reborn: Rodin and Sculpture at the Fin-de-Siecle
Early Career and The Gates of Hell
The Burghers of Calais and Later Career
Exploring New Possibilities: Claudel and Rosso
Primitivism and the Avant-Garde: Gauguin and Van Gogh
Gauguin
SOURCE: Paul Gauguin, from Noa Noa (1893)
Van Gogh
SOURCE: Vincent van Gogh, from a letter to his brother Theo van Gogh, 6 August 1888
A New Generation of Prophets: The Nabis
Vuillard and Bonnard
Montmartre: At Home with the Avant-Garde
4: The Origins of Modern Architecture and Design
Safeguarding Culture: Revivalist Tendencies in Nineteenth-Century Architecture
American Classicism
European Eclecticism
A Return to Simplicity: The Arts and Crafts Movement and Experimental Architecture
Experiments in Synthesis: Modernism beside the Hearth
Palaces of Iron and Glass: The Influence of Industry
SOURCE: Joris-Karl Huysmans, from the review Le Fer, 1889
Form Follows Function: The Chicago School and the
Origins of the Skyscraper
SOURCE: Louis Sullivan, The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered, 1896
5: Art Nouveau and the Beginnings of Expressionism
With Beauty at the Reins of Industry: Aestheticism and Art Nouveau
Natural Forms for the Machine Age: The Art Nouveau
Aesthetic
Painting and Graphic Art
SOURCE: Sigmund Freud, from The Interpretation of Dreams, 1899
Architecture and Design
Toward Expressionism: Late Nineteenth-Century Avant-Garde Painting beyond France
Scandinavia
Northern and Central Europe
6: The New Century: Experiments in Color and Form
Fauvism
Purity of Means in Practice: Henri Matisse's Early Career
Earliest Works
Matisse's Fauve Period
SOURCE: Charles Baudelaire, Invitation to the Voyage, 1857
The Influence of African Art
Wild Beasts Tamed: Derain, Vlaminck, and Dufy
Religious Art for a Modern Age: Georges Rouault
The Belle Epoque on Film: the Lumiere Brothers and Lartigue
CONTEXT: Early Motion Pictures
Modernism on a Grand Scale: Matisse's Art after Fauvism
Forms of the Essential: Constantin Brancusi
7: Expressionism in Germany
From Romanticism to Expressionism: Corinth and Modersohn-Becker
SOURCE: Paula Modersohn-Becker, Letters and journal
Spanning the Divide between Romanticism and Expressionism: Die Brucke
Kirchner
TECHNIQUE: Woodcuts and Woodblock Prints
Nolde
Heckel, Muller, Pechstein, and Schmidt-Rottluff
Die Brucke's Collapse
The Spiritual Dimension: Der Blaue Reiter
Kandinsky
Munter
Werefkin
Marc
Macke
Jawlensky
Klee
Feininger
Expressionist Sculpture
Self-Examination: Expressionism in Austria
Schiele
Kokoschka
CONTEXT: The German Empire
8: Cubism
Immersed in Tradition: Picasso's Early Career
Barcelona and Madrid
Blue and Rose Periods
CONTEXT: Women as Patrons of the Avant-Garde
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Beyond Fauvism: Braque's Early Career
Two Mountain Climbers Roped Together: Braque, Picasso, and the Development of Cubism
Analytic Cubism, 1909-11
Synthetic Cubism, 1912-14
TECHNIQUE: Collage
Constructed Spaces: Cubist Sculpture
Braque and Picasso
Archipenko
Duchamp-Villon
Lipchitz
Laurens
An Adaptable Idiom: Developments in Cubist Painting in Paris
Gris
Gleizes and Metzinger
Leger
Other Agendas: Orphism and Other Experimental Art in Paris, 1910-14
Duchamp
9: Early Twentieth-Century Architecture
Modernism in Harmony with Nature: Frank Lloyd
Wright
Early Houses
The Larkin Building
Mid-Career Crisis
Temples for the Modern City: American Classicism 1900-15
New Simplicity Versus Art Nouveau: Vienna Before World War I
Tradition and Innovation: The German Contribution to Modern Architecture
Behrens and Industrial Design
CONTEXT: The Human Machine: Modern Workspaces
Expressionism in Architecture
Toward the International Style: The Netherlands and Belgium
Berlage and Van de Velde
New Materials, New Visions: France in the Early
Twentieth Century
TECHNIQUE: Modern Materials
10: European Responses to Cubism
Fantasy Through Abstraction: Chagall and the Metaphysical School
Chagall
De Chirico and the Metaphysical School
Running on Shrapnel: Futurism in Italy
SOURCE: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, from The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism
Balla
Bragaglia
Severini
Carra
Boccioni
Sant'Elia
Our Vortex is Not Afraid: Wyndham Lewis and Vorticism
CONTEXT: The Omega Workshops
A World Ready for Change: The Avant-Garde in Russia
Larionov, Goncharova, and Rayonism
Popova and Cubo-Futurism
Malevich and Suprematism
El Lissitzky's Prouns
TECHNIQUE: Axonometry
Kandinsky in the Early Soviet Period
Utopian Visions: Russian Constructivism
Innovations in Sculpture
Tatlin
Rodchenko
Stepanova and Rozanova
Pevsner, Gabo, and the Spread of Constructivism
11: Picturing the Wasteland: Western Europe during World War I
CONTEXT: The Art of Facial Prosthetics
The World Turned Upside Down: The Birth of Dada
The Cabaret Voltaire and Its Legacy
Arp
Her Plumbing and Her Bridges: Dada Comes to America
Duchamp's Early Career
SOURCE: Anonymous (Marcel Duchamp), The Richard Mutt Case
Duchamp's Later Career
Picabia
Man Ray and the American Avant-Garde
Art is Dead: Dada in Germany
Hausmann, Hoech, and Heartfield
Schwitters
Ernst
Idealism and Disgust: The New Objectivity in Germany
Grosz
Dix
The Photography of Sander and Renger-Patzsch Beckmann
CONTEXT: Degenerate Art
12: Art in France after World War I
Eloquent Figuration: Les Maudits
Modigliani
Soutine
Utrillo
Dedication to Color: Matisse's Later Career
Response to Cubism, 1914-16
Renewal of Coloristic Idiom, 1917-c. 1930
An Art of Essentials, c. 1930-54
CONTEXT: Matisse in Merion, Pennsylvania
Celebrating the Good Life: Dufy's Later Career
Eclectic Mastery: Picasso's Career after the War
Parade and Theatrical Themes
CONTEXT: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes
Postwar Classicism
Cubism Continued
Sensuous Analysis: Braque's Later Career
Austerity and Elegance: Leger, Le Corbusier, and Ozenfant
13: Clarity, Certainty, and Order: de Stijl and the Pursuit of Geometric Abstraction
The de Stijl Idea
SOURCE: De Stijl Manifesto 1 (1918, published in de Stijl in 1922)
Mondrian: Seeking the Spiritual Through the Rational
Early Work
Neoplasticism
The Break with de Stijl
Van Doesburg, de Stijl, and Elementarism
De Stijl Realized: Sculpture and Architecture
Vantongerloo
Van 't Hoff and Oud
Rietveld
Van Eesteren
14: Bauhaus and the Teaching of Modernism
Audacious Lightness: The Architecture of Gropius
The Building as Entity: The Bauhaus
SOURCE: Walter Gropius, from Bauhaus Manifesto (1919)
Bauhaus Dessau
The Vorkurs: Basis of the Bauhaus Curriculum
Moholy-Nagy
Josef Albers
Klee
Kandinsky
Die Werkmeistern: Craft Masters at the Bauhaus
Schlemmer
Stoelzl
Breuer and Bayer
TECHNIQUE: Industry into Art into Industry
The Core from which Everything Emanates: International Constructivism and the Bauhaus
Gabo
Pevsner
Baumeister
From Bauhaus Dessau to Bauhaus U.S.A.
Mies van der Rohe
Bauhaus U.S.A.
15: Surrealism and Its Discontents
CONTEXT: Fetishism
Breton and the Background to Surrealism
The Two Strands of Surrealism
Political Context and Membership
CONTEXT: Trotsky and International Socialism between the Wars
Art is a Fruit: Arp's Later Career
Hybrid Menageries: Ernst's Surrealist Techniques
Night, Music, and Stars: Miro and Organic-Abstract
Surrealism
Methodical Anarchy: Andre Masson
Enigmatic Landscapes: Tanguy and Dali
Dali
SOURCE: Georges Bataille, from The Cruel Practice of Art (1949)
Surrealism beyond France and Spain: Magritte, Delvaux, Bellmer, Matta, and Lam
Matta and Lam
Women and Surrealism: Oppenheim, Cahun, Tanning, and Carrington
Never Quite One of Ours: Picasso and Surrealism
Painting and Graphic Art, mid-1920s to 1930s
Guernica and Related Works
Sculpture, late 1920s to 1940s
Pioneer of a New Iron Age: Julio Gonzalez
Surrealism's Sculptural Language: Giacometti's Early Career
Surrealist Sculpture in Britain: Moore
Bizarre Juxtapositions: Photography and Surrealism
Atget's Paris
Man Ray, Kertesz, Tabard, and the Manipulated Image
The Development of Photojournalism: Brassai, Bravo, Model, and Cartier-Bresson
An English Perspective: Brandt
16: American Art Before World War II
America Undisguised: The Eight and Social Criticism
Henri, Sloan, Prendergast, and Bellows
SOURCE: Walt Whitman, first stanza of Crossing Brooklyn Ferry (1856)
Two Photographers: Riis and Hine Brooks
A Rallying Place for Modernism: 291 Gallery and the
Stieglitz Circle
Stieglitz and Steichen
TECHNIQUE: Style through Medium, Photogravure and Gelatin-Silver Prints
Weber, Hartley, Marin, and Dove
O'Keeffe
Straight Photography: Strand, Cunningham, and Adams
Coming to America: The Armory Show
Sharpening the Focus on Color and Form: Synchromism and Precisionism
Synchromism
Precisionism
The Harlem Renaissance
Painting the American Scene: Regionalists and Social
Realists
Benton, Wood, Hopper
Grandma Moses and Horace Pippin
Bishop, Shahn and Blume
CONTEXT: The Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
Documents of an Era: American Photographers Between the Wars
Social Protest and Personal Pain: Mexican Artists
Rivera
Orozco
Siqueiros
Kahlo
Tamayo
Modotti's Photography in Mexico
The Avant-Garde Advances: Toward American Abstract Art
Exhibitions and Contact with Europe
Davis
Diller and Pereira
Avery and Tack
Sculpture in America Between the Wars
Lachaise and Nadelman
Storrs and Roszak
Calder
17: Abstract Expressionism and the New American Sculpture
CONTEXT: Artists and Cultural Activism
Mondrian in New York: The Tempo of the Metropolis
Entering a New Arena: Modes of Abstract Expressionism
SOURCE: Clement Greenberg, from Modernist Painting (first published in 1960)
The Picture as Event: Experiments in Gestural Painting
Hofmann
Gorky
Willem de Kooning
Pollock
SOURCE: Harold Rosenberg, from The American Action Painters (first published in 1952)
Krasner
Kline
Tomlin and Tobey
Guston
Elaine de Kooning and Grace Hartigan
Complex Simplicities: Color Field Painting
Rothko
Newman
Still
Reinhardt
Gottlieb
Motherwell
Baziotes
Drawing in Steel: Constructed Sculpture
Smith and Dehner
Di Suvero and Chamberlain
Textures of the Surreal: Biomorphic Sculpture and Assemblage
Noguchi
Bourgeois
Cornell
Nevelson
Expressive Vision: Developments in American Photography
Capa and Miller
White, Siskind, Porter, and Callahan
Levitt and DeCarava
18: Postwar European Art
CONTEXT: Samuel Beckett and the Theatre of the Absurd
Revaluations and Violations: Figurative Art in France
Picasso
Giacometti
Richier
Balthus
Dubuffet
A Different Art: Abstraction in France
Fautrier, Van Velde, Hartung, and Soulages
Wols, Mathieu, Riopelle, and Vieira da Silva
De Stael
Pure Creation: Concrete Art
Bill and Lohse
Postwar Juxtapositions: Figuration and Abstraction in Italy and Spain
Morandi
Marini and Manzu
Afro
Fontana
SOURCE: Lucio Fontana, from The White Manifesto (1946)
Burri
Tapies
Forget It and Start Again: The CoBrA Artists and Hundertwasser
Jorn
Appel
Alechinsky
Hundertwasser
Figures in the Landscape: British Painting and Sculpture
Bacon
Sutherland
Freud
Moore
Hepworth
Marvels of Daily Life: European Photographers
Bischof
Sudek
Doisneau
19: Nouveau Realisme and Pop Art
CONTEXT: The Marshall Plan and the Marilyn Monroe Doctrine
Extroversion is the Rule: Europe's New Realism
Klein
Tinguely and Saint-Phalle
Arman
Cesar
Raysse
Christo and Jeanne-Claude
Rotella, Manzoni and Broodthaers
This is Tomorrow: Pop Art in Britain
Hamilton and Paolozzi
Blake and Kitaj
Hockney
Signs of the Times: Pop Art in the United States
Rauschenberg
Johns
Getting Closer to Life: Happenings and Environments
Kaprow, Grooms, and Early Happenings
Segal
Oldenburg
Just Look at the Surface: The Imagery of Everyday Life
Dine
Samaras and Artschwager
Rivers
Lichtenstein
Warhol
TECHNIQUE: Screenprinting
Rosenquist, Wesselmann, and Indiana Lindner, Marisol, Sister Corita
Poetics of the New Gomorrah: West Coast Artists
Thiebaud
Kienholz
Jess
Ruscha
Jimenez
Personal Documentaries: The Snapshot Aesthetic in
American Photography
20: Playing by the Rules: Sixties Abstraction
Drawing the Veil: Post Painterly Abstraction
SOURCE: Clement Greenberg, from Post Painterly Abstraction (1964)
Francis and Mitchell
Frankenthaler, Louis, and Olitski
Poons
At an Oblique Angle: Diebenkorn and Twombly
Forming the Unit: Hard-Edge Painting
Seeing Things: Op Art
Vasarely
Riley and Anuszkiewicz
New Media Mobilized: Motion and Light
Mobiles and Kinetic Art
Artists Working with Light
The Limits of Modernism: Minimalism
Caro
Stella
Smith, Judd, Bladen, and Morris
SOURCE: Tony Smith, from a 1966 Interview in Artforum
LeWitt, Andre, and Serra
TECHNIQUE: Minimalist Materials: Cor-Ten Steel
Minimalist Painters
Complex Unities: Photography and Minimalism
21: Modernism in Architecture at Mid-Century
The Quiet Unbroken Wave: The Later Work of Wright and Le Corbusier
Wright During the 1930s
Le Corbusier
Purity and Proportion: The International Style in America
The Influence of Gropius and Mies van der Rohe
Skyscrapers
Domestic Architecture
Internationalism Contextualized: Developments in Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Australia
Finland
Great Britain
France
Germany and Italy
Latin America, Australia, and Japan
Breaking the Mold: Experimental Housing
CONTEXT: Women in Architecture
Arenas for Innovation: Major Public Projects
Cultural Centers, Theaters, and Museums in America
Urban Planning and Airports
Architecture and Engineering
TECHNIQUE: The Dymaxion House
22: Conceptualism and Activist Art
Art as Language
Art & Language, Kosuth
CONTEXT: Semiotics
Weiner, Huebler, Barry
Keeping Time: Baldessari, Kawara, Darboven
Conceptual Art as Cultural Critique
Haacke, Asher
Lawler, Wilson
Buren
Extended Arenas: Performance Art and Video
Fluxus
CONTEXT: The Situationists
Beuys
The Medium Is the Message: Early Video Art
Paik
Nauman
Campus' Video Art
When Art Becomes Artist: Body Art
Schneemann, Wilke
Mendieta
Acconci
Burden
Gilbert and George, Anderson, and Horn
Radical Alternatives: Feminist Art
The Feminist Arts Program
Erasing the Boundaries between Art and Life: Later
Feminist Art
Kelly
Guerrilla Girls
Antoni
Invisible to Visible: Art and Racial Politics
OBAC, Afri-COBRA, and SPARC
Ringgold and Folk Traditions
Social and Political Critique: Hammons, Colescott
The Concept of Race: Piper
23: Post-Minimalism
Big Outdoors: Earthworks and Land Art
CONTEXT: Environmentalism
Monumental Works
SOURCE: Robert Smithson, from Cultural Confinement, originally published in Artforum (1972)
Landscape as Experience
Abakanowicz's Site-Specific Sculpture
Visible Statements: Monuments and Public Sculpture
Metaphors for Life: Process Art
Arte Povera: Merz, Kounellis
Body of Evidence: Figurative Art
Traditional Realism
Photorealism
Hanson's Superrealist Sculpture
Stylized Naturalism
Animated Surfaces: Pattern and Decoration
Figure and Ambiguity: New Image Art
Rothenberg and Moskowitz
Sultan and Jenney
Borofsky and Bartlett
Chicago Imagists: Nutt and Paschke
Steir
New Image Sculptors: Shapiro and Flanagan
24: Postmodernism
CONTEXT: Poststructuralism
Postmodernism in Architecture
Complexity and Contradiction: The Reaction Against
Modernism Sets In
SOURCE: Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, from Learning from Las Vegas (1972)
In Praise of Messy Vitality: Postmodernist Eclecticism
Venturi, Rauch, and Scott Brown, and Moore
Hollein, Stern, and Isozaki
Ironic Grandeur: Postmodern Architecture and History
Johnson
Stirling, Jahn, Armajani, and Foster
Pei and Freed
Ando and Pelli
What Is a Building?: Deconstruction
CONTEXT: Deconstruction versus Deconstructivism
Structure as Metaphor: Architectural Abstractions
Flexible Spaces: Architecture and Urbanism
Plater-Zyberk and Duany
Koolhaas and the OMA
Postmodern Practices: Breaking Art History
Appropriation: Kruger, Levine, Prince, and Sherman
Kruger
Holzer, McCollum, and Tansey
25: Painting through History
Primal Passions: Neo-Expressionism
German Neo-Expressionism: Baselitz, Lupertz, Penck, and Immendorff
Polke, Richter, and Kiefer
SOURCE: Gerhard Richter, from Notes 1964-1965
Italian Neo-Expressionism: Clemente, Chia, and Cucchi
TECHNIQUE: Choosing Media
American Neo-Expressionism: Schnabel, Salle, and Fischl
Regarding Representation: Painting and Photography in the 1980s
Longo
The Starns
Gilbert and George
Searing Statements: Painting as Social Conscience
Golub and Spero
Coe and Applebroog
In the Empire of Signs: Neo-Geo
Neo-Geo Abstraction: Halley and Bleckner
The Sum of Many Parts: Abstraction in the 1980s
Murray
Winters
Taaffe
Scully
Wall of Fame: Graffiti and Cartoon Artists
Haring, Basquiat
Wojnarowicz and Wong
Rollins and KOS
Painting Art History
Currin, Yuskavage
26: Contemporary Art and the Renegotiation of Modernism
CONTEXT: National Endowment for the Arts
CONTEXT: International Art Exhibitions
Commodity Art
Postmodern Arenas: Installation Art
CoLab, Ahearn, Osorio
Kabakov
Viola
Strangely Familiar: British and American Sculpture
Reprise and Reinterpretation: Art History as Art
Meeting Points: Exploring a Postmodern Abstraction
27: Contemporary Art and Globalization
CONTEXT: Modern Art Exhibitions and Postcolonialism
Lines That Define Us: Locating and Crossing Borders
Art and the Expression of Culture
Growing into Identity
Identity as Place
Skin Deep: Identity and the Body
Body as Self
Filming the Body
The Absent Body
The Art of Biography
Globalization and Arts Institutions
Interventions in the Global Museum
Designing a Global Museum
CONTEXT: Avant-tainment
CONTEXT: Pritzker Prize
Glossary
Index