Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1 WCDMA Early Phase 1 1.2 HSPA Introduction and Data Growth 2 1.3 HSPA Deployments Globally 4 1.4 HSPA Evolution 5 1.5 HSPA Network Product 6 1.6 HSPA Future Outlook 7 References 8 2 UMTS Services 9 Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen, Antti Toskala and Tommi Uitto 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Voice 11 2.3 Video Telephony 18 2.4 Messaging 21 2.5 Mobile Email 22 2.6 Browsing 23 2.7 Application and Content Downloading 24 2.8 Streaming 26 2.9 Gaming 26 2.10 Mobile Broadband for Laptop and Netbook Connectivity 27 2.11 Social Networking 30 2.12 Mobile TV 31 2.13 Location-Based Services 32 2.14 Machine-to-Machine Communications 34 2.15 Quality of Service (QoS) Differentiation 35 2.16 Maximum Air Interface Capacity 40 2.17 Terminals 44 2.18 Tariff Schemes 45 References 45 3 Introduction to WCDMA 47 Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA 47 3.3 Spreading and Despreading 49 3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception 51 3.5 Power Control 55 3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers 57 References 59 4 Background and Standardization of WCDMA 61 Antti Toskala 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Background in Europe 61 4.3 Background in Japan 64 4.4 Background in Korea 65 4.5 Background in the United States 65 4.6 Creation of 3GPP 67 4.7 How Does 3GPP Operate? 68 4.8 Creation of 3GPP2 69 4.9 Harmonization Phase 69 4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU 70 4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 WCDMA 70 4.12 Industry Convergence with LTE and LTE-Advanced 72 References 73 5 Radio Access Network Architecture 75 Fabio Longoni, Atte Lansisalmi and Antti Toskala 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 UTRAN Architecture 78 5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces 80 5.4 Iu, the UTRAN CN Interface 81 5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces 87 5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution 91 5.7 UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution 93 References 95 6 Physical Layer 97 Antti Toskala 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels 98 6.3 Spreading and Modulation 102 6.4 User Data Transmission 110 6.5 Signaling 121 6.6 Physical Layer Procedures 126 6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities 136 6.8 Conclusion 138 References 139 7 Radio Interface Protocols 141 Jukka Vialen and Antti Toskala 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Protocol Architecture 142 7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol 143 7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol 147 7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol 150 7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol 151 7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 152 7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol 153 7.9 Early UE Handling Principles 170 7.10 Improvements for Call Set-up Time Reduction 170 References 171 8 Radio Network Planning 173 Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hamalainen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipila and Achim Wacker 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Dimensioning 174 8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimization 194 8.4 GSM Co-planning 202 8.5 Inter-Operator Interference 204 8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants 210 8.7 UMTS Refarming to GSM Band 211 8.8 Interference between GSM and UMTS 214 8.9 Remaining GSM Voice Capacity 215 8.10 Shared Site Solutions with GSM and UMTS 216 8.11 Interworking of UMTS900 and UMTS2100 217 References 218 9 Radio Resource Management 219 Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Power Control 220 9.3 Handovers 232 9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load 246 9.5 Admission Control 250 9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) 252 References 253 10 Packet Scheduling 255 Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen and Martin Kristensson 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 255 10.3 Round Trip Time 261 10.4 User-Specific Packet Scheduling 264 10.5 Cell-Specific Packet Scheduling 272 10.6 Packet Data System Performance 275 10.7 Packet Data Application Performance 280 References 291 11 Physical Layer Performance 293 Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihriala and Markku Juntti 11.1 Introduction 293 11.2 Cell Coverage 293 11.3 Downlink Cell Capacity 304 11.4 Capacity Trials 313 11.5 3GPP Performance Requirements 330 11.6 Performance Enhancements 334 References 349 12 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 353 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen 12.1 Introduction 353 12.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 353 12.3 The HSDPA Concept 354 12.4 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 356 12.5 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase 357 12.6 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 357 12.7 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates 365 12.8 Mobility with HSDPA 366 12.9 HSDPA Performance 370 12.10 HSPA Link Budget 380 12.11 HSDPA Iub Dimensioning 382 12.12 HSPA Round Trip Time 384 12.13 Terminal Receiver Aspects 384 12.14 Evolution in Release 6 386 12.15 Conclusion 388 References 388 13 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 391 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho 13.1 Introduction 391 13.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 391 13.3 The HSUPA Concept 392 13.4 HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 393 13.5 HSUPA Feasibility Study Phase 395 13.6 HSUPA Physical Layer Structure 395 13.7 E-DCH and Related Control Channels 396 13.8 HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure 400 13.9 HSUPA Terminal Capability 402 13.10 HSUPA Performance 403 13.11 Conclusion 408 References 408 14 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) 409 Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson and Jorma Kaikkonen 14.1 Introduction 409 14.2 MBMS Impact on Network Architecture 412 14.3 High Level MBMS Procedures 414 14.4 MBMS Radio Interface Channel Structure 415 14.5 MBMS Terminal Capability 418 14.6 MBMS Performance 419 14.7 MBMS Deployment and Use Cases 424 14.8 Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H 425 14.9 3GPP MBMS Evolution in Release 7 426 14.10 Why Did MBMS Fail? 426 14.11 Integrated Mobile Broadcast (IMB) in Release 8 427 14.12 Conclusion 428 References 429 15 HSPA Evolution 431 Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala 15.1 Introduction 431 15.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 431 15.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA 433 15.4 Enhanced FACH and Enhanced RACH 437 15.5 Latency 439 15.6 Fast Dormancy 441 15.7 Downlink 64QAM 442 15.8 Downlink MIMO 444 15.9 Transmit Diversity (TxAA) 447 15.10 Uplink 16QAM 448 15.11 UE Categories 449 15.12 Layer 2 Optimization 450 15.13 Architecture Evolution 451 15.14 Conclusion 452 References 453 16 HSPA Multicarrier Evolution 455 Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala 16.1 Introduction 455 16.2 Dual Cell HSDPA in Release 8 459 16.3 Dual Cell HSUPA in Release 9 461 16.4 Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO in Release 9 462 16.5 Dual Band HSDPA in Release 9 463 16.6 Three and Four Carrier HSDPA in Release 10 464 16.7 UE Categories 465 16.8 Conclusion 465 References 466 17 UTRAN Long-Term Evolution 467 Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 17.1 Introduction 467 17.2 Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions 468 17.3 LTE Impact on Network Architecture 470 17.4 LTE Multiple Access 471 17.5 LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters 476 17.6 LTE Physical Layer Procedures 479 17.7 LTE Protocols 483 17.8 Performance 487 17.9 LTE Device Categories 492 17.10 LTE-Advanced Outlook 492 17.11 Conclusion 494 References 494 18 TD-SCDMA 495 Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 18.1 Introduction 495 18.2 Differences in the Network-Level Architecture 497 18.3 TD-SCDMA Physical Layer 497 18.4 TD-SCDMA Data Rates 504 18.5 TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Procedures 505 18.6 TD-SCDMA Interference and Co-existence Considerations 508 18.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook on TD-SCDMA 512 References 512 19 Home Node B and Femtocells 515 Troels Kolding, Hanns-Jurgen Schwarzbauer, Johanna Pekonen, Karol Drazynski, Jacek Gora, Maciej Pakulski, Patryk Pisowacki, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 19.1 Introduction 515 19.2 Home Node B Specification Work 517 19.3 Technical Challenges of Uncoordinated Mass Deployment 518 19.4 Home Node B Architecture 519 19.5 Closed Subscriber Group 523 19.6 Home Node B-Related Mobility 524 19.7 Home Node B Deployment and Interference Mitigation 529 19.8 Home Node B Evolution 545 19.9 Conclusion 545 References 546 20 Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 547 Laurent Noel, Dominique Brunel, Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 20.1 Introduction 547 20.2 Transmitter Chain System Design Challenges 549 20.3 Receiver Chain Design Challenges 555 20.4 Improving Talk-Time with DTX/DRX 567 20.5 Multi-Mode/Band Challenges 582 20.6 Conclusion 590 References 590 Index 593
