*=New to this Edition A Word to Instructors: A Word to Students: Acknowledgments: 1. Before Philosophy: Myth in Hesiod and Homer Hesiod: War among the Gods Homer: Heroes, Gods, and Excellence 2. Philosophy before Socrates Thales: The One as Water Anaximander: The One as the Boundless Xenophanes: The Gods as Fictions Sketch: Pythagoras Heraclitus: Oneness in the Logos Parmenides: Only the One Zeno: The Paradoxes of Common Sense Atomism: The One and the Many Reconciled The Key: An Ambiguity: The World: The Soul: How to Live: * 3. Appearance and Reality in Ancient India * The Vedas and the Upanisads * The Buddha * The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Noble Path: * Right View: * Non-Self and Nagasena * The Brahmanical Schools * Vaisesika: * Nyaya: * The Great Conversation in India 4. The Sophists: Rhetoric and Relativism in Athens Democracy The Persian Wars The Sophists Rhetoric: Relativism: Physis and Nomos: Athens and Sparta at War Aristophanes and Reaction * 5. Reason and Relativism in China * A Brief History of Ancient China * Mozi * The School of Names * The Later Mohists * Zhuangzi * Sketch: Laozi 6. Socrates: To Know Oneself Character Is Socrates a Sophist? What Socrates Knows We Ought to Search for Truth: Human Excellence Is Knowledge: All Wrongdoing Is Due to Ignorance: The Most Important Thing of All is to Care for Your Soul: 7. The Trial and Death of Socrates Euthyphro: Translator's Introduction The Dialogue Commentary and Questions Apology: Translator's Introduction The Dialogue Commentary and Questions Crito: Translator's Introduction The Dialogue Commentary and Questions Phaedo (Death Scene) Translator's Introduction The Dialogue (Selection) Commentary and Questions 8. Plato: Knowing the Real and the Good Knowledge and Opinion Making the Distinction: We Do Know Certain Truths: The Objects of Knowledge: The Reality of the Forms: The World and the Forms How Forms Are Related to the World: Lower and Higher Forms: The Form of the Good: The Love of Wisdom What Wisdom Is: Love and Wisdom: The Soul The Immortality of the Soul: The Structure of the Soul: Morality The State Problems with the Forms 9. Aristotle: The Reality of the World Aristotle and Plato Logic and Knowledge Terms and Statements: Truth: Reasons Why: The Syllogism: Knowing First Principles: The World Nature: The Four Becauses: Is There Purpose in Nature?: Teleology: First Philosophy Not Plato's Forms: What of Mathematics?: Substance and Form: Pure Actualities: God: The Soul Levels of Soul: Soul and Body: Nous: The Good Life Happiness: Virtue or Excellence (Arete): The Role of Reason: Responsibility: The Highest Good: * 10. Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi: Virtue in Ancient China * Confucius * The Way of Confucius: * Ritual Propriety: * Good Government: * Mencius * Differentiated Love: * Human Nature Is Good: * Xunzi: * The Confucians' Legacy: 11. Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics: Happiness for the Many The Epicureans The Stoics Profile: Marcus Aurelius The Skeptics 12. Jews and Christians: Sin, Salvation, and Love Background Jesus The Meaning of Jesus 13. Augustine: God and the Soul Wisdom, Happiness, and God God and the World The Great Chain of Being: * Sketch: Hypatia of Alexandria Evil: Time: Human Nature and Its Corruption Human Nature and Its Restoration Augustine on Relativism The Two Cities Augustine and the Philosophers Reason and Authority: Intellect and Will: Epicureans and Stoics: * 14. Philosophy in the Islamic World: The Great Conversation Spreads Out * A Sea Change in the Mediterranean Basin * Al-Kindi, the Philosopher of the Arabs * Al-Farabi, the Second Master * Religion as Subordinate to Philosophy: * Emanation and the Active Intellect: * Sketch: The Celestial Spheres * Certitude, Absolute Certitude, and Opinion: * Avicenna, the Preeminent Master * Existence and Essence: * The Necessary Existent, God: * The Soul and Its Faculties: * Al-Ghazali Sketch: Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon) * The Great Conversation in the Islamic World 15. Anselm and Aquinas: Existence and Essence in God and the World Anselm: On That, Than Which No Greater Can Be Conceived The Transfer of Learning Thomas Aquinas: Rethinking Aristotle Sketch: Averro:es, the Commentator Philosophy and Theology: From Creation to God: The Nature of God: Humans: Their Souls: Humans: Their Knowledge: Humans: Their Good: Ockham and Skeptical Doubts--Again 16. From Medieval to Modern Europe The World God Made for Us Reforming the Church Revolutions Humanism: Skeptical Thoughts Revived: Copernicus to Kepler to Galileo: The Great Triple Play: The Counter-Reformation 17. Rene Descartes: Doubting Our Way to Certainty The Method Meditations on First Philosophy (each Meditation is followed by Commentary and Questions): Meditation I Meditation II Meditation III Meditation IV Meditation V Meditation VI What Has Descartes Done? A New Ideal for Knowledge: A New Vision of Reality: Problems: The Place of Humans in the World of Nature: The Mind and the Body: God and the Problem of Skepticism: The Preeminence of Epistemology: 18. Hobbes, Locke, and Berkeley: Materialism and the Beginnings of Empiricism Thomas Hobbes: Catching Persons in the Net of the New Science Method: Minds and Motives: * Sketch: Margaret Cavendish * Sketch: Francis Bacon The Natural Foundation of Moral Rules: John Locke: Looking to Experience Origin of Ideas: Idea of the Soul: Idea of Personal Identity: Language and Essence: The Extent of Knowledge: Of Representative Government: Of Toleration: George Berkeley: Ideas into Things Abstract Ideas: Ideas and Things: God: 19. David Hume: Unmasking the Pretensions of Reason How Newton Did It * Profile: Emilie du Chatelet To Be the Newton of Human Nature The Theory of Ideas The Association of Ideas Causation: The Very Idea The Disappearing Self Rescuing Human Freedom Is It Reasonable to Believe in God? Understanding Morality Reason Is Not a Motivator: The Origins of Moral Judgment: Is Hume a Skeptic? 20. Immanuel Kant: Rehabilitating Reason (within Strict Limits) Critique Judgments Geometry, Mathematics, Space, and Time Common Sense, Science, and the a Priori Categories Phenomena and Noumena Sketch: Baruch Spinoza Sketch: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Reasoning and the Ideas of Metaphysics: God, World, and Soul The Soul: The World and the Free Will: God: The Ontological Argument: Reason and Morality The Good Will: The Moral Law: Sketch: Jean-Jacques Rousseau Autonomy: Freedom: 21. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Taking History Seriously Historical and Intellectual Context The French Revolution: The Romantics: Epistemology Internalized Sketch: Arthur Schopenhauer Self and Others Stoic and Skeptical Consciousness Hegel's Analysis of Christianity Reason and Reality: The Theory of Idealism Spirit Made Objective: The Social Character of Ethics History and Freedom 22. Kierkegaard and Marx: Two Ways to Correct Hegel Kierkegaard: On Individual Existence The Aesthetic: The Ethical: The Religious: The Individual: Marx: Beyond Alienation and Exploitation Alienation, Exploitation, and Private Property: Communism: 23. Moral and Political Reformers: The Happiness of All, including Women The Classic Utilitarians Profile: Peter Singer The Rights of Women 24. Friedrich Nietzsche: The Value of Existence Pessimism and Tragedy Good-bye Real World The Death of God Revaluation of Values Master Morality/Slave Morality: Profile: Iris Murdoch Our Morality: The Overman Affirming Eternal Recurrence 25. The Pragmatists: Thought and Action Charles Sanders Peirce Fixing Belief: Belief and Doubt: Truth and Reality: Meaning: Signs: John Dewey The Impact of Darwin: Naturalized Epistemology: Sketch: William James Nature and Natural Science: Value Naturalized: 26. Ludwig Wittgenstein: Linguistic Analysis and Ordinary Language Language and Its Logic Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus: Sketch: Bertrand Russell Picturing: Thought and Language: Logical Truth: Saying and Showing: Setting the Limit to Thought: Value and the Self: Good and Evil, Happiness and Unhappiness: The Unsayable: Profile: The Logical Positivists Philosophical Investigations Philosophical Illusion: Language-Games: Naming and Meaning: Family Resemblances: The Continuity of Wittgenstein's Thought Profile: Zen Our Groundless Certainty 27. Martin Heidegger: The Meaning of Being What Is the Question? The Clue Phenomenology Being-in-the-World The Who of Dasein Modes of Disclosure Attunement: Understanding: Discourse: Falling-Away Idle Talk: Curiosity: Ambiguity: Care Death Conscience, Guilt, and Resoluteness Temporality as the Meaning of Care 28. Simone de Beauvoir: Existentialist, Feminist Ambiguity Profile: Jean-Paul Sartre Ethics Woman 29. Postmodernism: Derrida, Foucault, and Rorty Deconstruction: Jacques Derrida Writing, Iterability, Differance: Deconstructing a Text: Knowledge and Power: Michel Foucault Archaeology of Knowledge: Genealogy: Liberal Irony: Richard Rorty Contingency, Truth, and Antiessentialism: Liberalism and the Hope of Solidarity: Relativism: 30. Physical Realism and the Mind: Quine, Dennett, Searle, Nagel, Jackson, and Chalmers Science, Common Sense, and Metaphysics: Willard van Orman Quine Holism: Ontological Commitment: Natural Knowing: The Matter of Minds Intentionality: Intentional Systems: Daniel Dennett: The Chinese Room: John Searle: Consciousness: Nagel, Jackson, Chalmers: Afterword: Appendix: Writing a Philosophy Paper: Glossary: Credits: Index:
