Preface 9
Part 1 Learning to See 11
1 Understanding Art 12
What is Art? 13
The Creative Impulse 13
Types of Art 14
Content 33
Critical Opinion 48
Lasting Greatness in Art 55
2 Visual Elements 58
Line 59
Shape and Form 73
Space 93
Texture 113
Value and Light 119
Chiaroscuro 128
Color 134
Time
3 Organizing Principles of Design 169
Repetition 170
Variety 174
Rhythm 180
Balance 182
Compositional Unity 185
Emphasis 188
Economy 192
Proportion 194
Relationship to the Environment 196
Part 2 Two-Dimensional Media and Methods 203
4 Drawing 204
Approaches to Drawing 204
Dry Media 207
Liquid Media 213
5 Painting 217
Approaches to Painting 218
Paint Media 222
Mixed Media 248
6 Printmaking 249
Approaches to Printmaking 251
Printmaking Processes 252
Mixed Print Media 268
7 Graphic Design 271
The Graphic Designer and Visual Ideas 272
Typography 275
Illustration 278
8 Photography and Filmmaking 281
Photography 282
Film 299
Television and Video 307
9 Digital Art 312
The Computer as a Drawing Medium 313
The Computer as a Painting Medium 314
The Computer in Three-Dimensional Art 316
Video Graphics 317
Virtual Reality 319
The Computer as a Unique Art Medium 320
Interactive Art in Cyberspace; Art Websites 321
Part 3 Three-Dimensional Media and Methods 323
10 Sculpture 324
Planning Sculptures 325
Carving 327
Modeling 329
Casting 334
Assembling 338
Earthworks 342
11 Crafts 346
Clay 347
Metal 352
Wood 355
Glass 358
Fibers 363
12 Product and Clothing Design 368
Industrial Design 369
Clothing Design 374
13 Architecture 380
Architects' Unique Concerns 381
Function 383
Structure 392
14 Designed Settings 407
Interior Design 408
Environmental Design 412
Aesthetics in the Performing Arts 418
Part 4 Art in Time 425
15 Historical Styles in Western Art 426
Art Movements 427
The Beginnings of Western Art 427
Art of Ancient Cultures 438
Medieval Art 442
Renaissance Art 448
Baroque Art 462
Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Art 466
Later Nineteenth-Century Art 470
Realism 470
Twentieth-Century Art 477
Abstract and Nonobjective Art 481
16 Understanding Art on All Levels 508
Picasso's Guernica 509
Rodin's Gates of Hell 514
Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling 518
Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao
Notes 528
Glossary/ Pronunciation Guide 532
Artists' Pronunciation Guide 544
Credits 546
Index 548
Timeline
30,000 B. C. - A. D. 2000 430
Tables
35,000 B. C. - A. D. 500 Prehistoric to Roman 428
500-1500 Early Christian to Gothic 444
1425-1640 Early Renaissance to Southern Baroque 460
1500-1800 Northern Renaissance to Rococo 463
1750-1950 Neoclassicism to Surrealism 471
1945-2000+ Into the Twenty-First Century 496
Maps
The Prehistoric and Ancient World 429
Europe in the Early Twelfth Century 444
Renaissance Italy 460
Northern Europe in the mid-Seventeenth Century 463
Europe in the mid-Nineteenth Century 471
The World in the Late Twentieth Century 496