Preface
Part One
Disciplinary, Theoretical, and Philosophical Foundations
Chapter 1
Crime and Justice Research: Mapping the Terrain
Knowledge, Research, and Power
What Do We Research?
Who Are The Researchers?
How Do We Conduct Research?
Why Do We Conduct Research?
Relevance of Research
Conclusion
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Chapter 2
The Nature of Science and Research
CSI and Science
Alternatives to Research-Based Knowledge
How Science Works
Steps in the Scientific Research Process
Scientific Research and Time
Science and Politics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 3
Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations
Making Sense of Hurricane Katrina
Philosophical Foundations
Theory in Crime and Justice Research
Philosophy and Theory Conclusion
Summary Points
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Part Two Considerations in Research Preparation
Chapter 4
Ethics and Reviewing the Literature
Preparing to Research Police Surveillance
Ethics in Crime and Justice Research
Reviewing the Literature
Conclusion
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 5
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Design
Triangulation
Key Differences in Designing Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Discussing Research Questions
An Overview of Research Design Issues
Quantitative Design Issues
Qualitative Design Issues
Summary Points
Conclusion
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 6 Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement
Fearing Crime and I.Q.-Based Executions
Tangible Versus Intangible Measures
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Measurement
Conceptualizing and Operationalizing: An Overview
Reliability and Validity
A Guide To Quantitative Measurement
Index Construction
Scales
Conclusion
Summary Points
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 7
Quantitative and Qualitative Sampling
Sexual Coercion and Sampling: A Cautionary Tale
Probability Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
Mixed Sampling Approaches For Hidden Populations
Conclusion
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Part Three
Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis
Chapter 8
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Crime and Justice Research
The Experiment as the "Gold Standard"
A History of the Experiment in Social Science Research
Experimental Research In Crime and Justice Studies
Choosing an Experiment: Factors to Consider
The Importance of Random Assignment
Experimental Design Logic and Language
Types of Design
Internal and External Validity
Practical Considerations
Results of Experimental Research: The Case of Meta-Analysis
A Word on Ethics
Beware of Naivete
Conclusion
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 9
Survey and Interview Methods
Getting It Straight From the Horse's Mouth A History of Survey Research
Survey Research in Crime and Justice Studies
Choosing to Survey: Factors to Consider
The Logic of Survey Research
Constructing the Questionnaire
Types of Surveys: Advantages and Disadvantages
Interviewing
The "Meaning" Difficulty in Survey Research
Ethical Survey Research
Conclusion
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 10 Nonreactive Research: Content Analysis and Existing Documents/Statistics
Digging Up Data
Nonreactive Research in Crime and Justice Studies
Choosing Nonreactive Methods: Factors to Consider
Nonreactive Research Methods
Quantitative Content Analysis
Existing Documents/Statistics
Inferring Cause and Ethics in Nonreactive Methods
Conclusion
Summary Points
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 11
Analysis of Quantitative Data
Dying for Statistics
Dealing with Data
Results with One Variable
Results with Two Variables
More Than Two Variables
Inferential Statistics
Being Critical: Ethics and Statistics
Conclusion
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Part Four
Qualitative Research, Mixed Methods, and Writing
Chapter 12
Crime and Justice Ethnographic Field Research
Home Grown Terrorism Data
A History of Ethnographic Field Research
Ethnographic Field Research in Crime and Justice Studies
Appropriate Questions for Ethnographic Field Research
The Logic of Field Research
Choosing a Site and Gaining Access
Relations in the Field
Observing and Collecting Data
The Field Research Interview
Leaving the Field
Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research
Conclusion
Summary Points
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 13
Historical, Ethnographic Content Analysis, Legal and Mixed Methods
Historical Research
Ethnographic Content Analysis (ECA) Research
Academic Legal Research
Mixed Methods Research
Special Mention: Theoretical Synthesis Research
Conclusion
Summary Points
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 14
Analysis of Qualitative Data
International Crime and Human Rights Research Example
Comparing Methods of Data Analysis
Concept Formation and Coding
Analytic Strategies for Qualitative Data
What is Missing, or the Importance of Negative Evidence
Some Other Qualitative Analytic Techniques
Analysis Software For Qualitative Data
Conclusion
Summary Points
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study
Chapter 15
Presenting Crime and Justice Research
Communing With Our Audience
Why Write a Report?
The Writing Process
The Writing Process
The Quantitative Research Report
The Qualitative Research Report
The Research Proposal
What Happens to the Research?
Final Conclusion To The Book
Summary Points
Key Terms
Practicing Research
Notes for Further Study