Background to the Building Sector and Energy Use Patterns
A Bit of history
Importance of Buildings in the US Economy and Other Countries
Energy Use Patterns by Building Type and End Use
Roles of Building Energy Professionals and HVAC Design Engineers
Basic Concepts in Economics of Energy Efficiency
Units and Conversions
Order of Magnitude Calculations
Basic Thermal Science
Fluid and Thermodynamic Properties
Determining Property Values
Types of flow regimes
Conservation of mass and momentum
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
Modes of heat transfer
Conduction heat transfer
Convection heat transfer
Radiation heat transfer
Evaporative and moisture transfer
Closure
Human Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ)
Thermal comfort
The perception of comfort
Air quality and indoor contaminants
Control of indoor air quality
Closure
Solar Radiation
Introduction
Solar movement and basic angles
Solar geometry with respect to local observer
Extra-terrestrial insolation
Effect of atmosphere
ASHRAE clear sky irradiance model
Transposition models for tilted and vertical surfaces
Measured solar radiation data worldwide
Statistical correlation models
Heat Gains through Windows
Importance and design considerations
Optical properties
Thermal properties
Solar heat gains
External and internal shading
High-Performance glazing
Infiltration and Natural Ventilation
Importance and basic definitions
Infiltration rates across building stock
Basic flow equations
Introduction and types of air flow models
Crack flow equation
Induced pressure differences
Engineering component models for air infiltration
Simplified physical models for single-zone air infiltration
Multizone models
Natural ventilation air flow through large openings
Measuring air infiltration and inter-zone flows
Infiltration heat recovery
Steady State Heat Flows
Load calculations
Solar air temperature and instantaneous conduction heat gain
Below grade heat transfer
Internal heat gains
Treatment of one zone spaces
Multi-zoning in buildings
Transient Heat Flow through Building Elements
Basic concepts
Numerical methods- finite difference
Time series methods for conduction heat gains
Thermal network models
Frequency domain methods
Heating and Cooling Design Load Calculations
Introduction
Winter and summer design conditions
Design heating load calculation procedure
Subtleties with cooling load calculations
Transfer function method for cooling load calculations
Heat balance method
Radiant time series method
Simplified Annual Energy Estimation Methods and Inverse Modeling
General approaches
Degree day method
Models for estimating degree-days under different base temperature
Bin method
Advantages and limitations
Inverse modeling
Description of Typical Building HVAC Systems and Components
Primary and secondary systems
Types of secondary systems
Broad classification of HVAC systems
Unitary split systems
Centralized systems
District systems
Thermal Principles Relevant to Equipment and Systems
First Law: Heat and work interactions
Second Law applied to ideal Carnot cycles
Pure substances
Homogeneous binary mixtures
Convective heat transfer correlations
Heat exchangers
Psychrometric Properties and Processes
Definition and importance of psychrometrics
Composition and pressure of atmospheric air
Psychrometric properties of moist air
Analytical approach to determining moist-air properties
The psychrometric chart
Basic psychrometric processes
Closure
Chillers and Heat Pump Cycles and Systems
Standard Vapor Compression Cycle
Modified and Actual VC Cycles
Absorption Cooling
Chiller Systems
Air Source Heat Pumps
Rating Standards
Part Load Performance
Ground Source Heat Pumps
Decentralized Water Loop Heat Pumps
Theoretical Performance Indices for Heating and Cooling
Refrigerants
Combustion Heating Equipment and Systems
Principles of combustion
Furnaces
Boilers
Seasonal energy calculations
Improving and monitoring thermal performance
Combined heat and power systems
Pumps, Fans and System Interactions
Modified equation of motion
Pressure losses in liquid and air systems
Prime movers
System and prime mover interactions
Types of fans and their control
Duct design methods
Fluid flow measurement
Closure
Cooling System Equipment
Introduction
Compressors
Expansion devices
Evaporators and condensers
Heating air coils
Wet cooling air coils
Cooling towers
Hydronic Distribution Equipment and Systems
Hydronic system classification
Types of hydronic distribution circuits
Traditional terminal units
Low temperature radiant panels
Auxiliary heating equipment
Piping system design
Modulating valves and capacity control
Large cooling systems
Cool thermal energy storage
All-Air Systems
Basic principles
Single zone single duct CAV systems
Single zone single duct VAV systems
All-air systems for multiple zones
Design sizing and energy analysis
Energy efficiency design and operation practices
Energy penalties due to mixing of hot and cold streams
Closure
Room Air Distribution and Hybrid Secondary Systems
Introduction
Basic air-water systems
Air Distribution in Rooms
Fully mixed room distribution systems
Other types of room air distribution methods
Chilled beams
Hybrid secondary systems
Evaporative cooling cycle and systems
Desiccant cooling systems
HVAC Control Systems
Introductory concepts
Modes of feedback control
Basic control hardware
Basic control system design considerations
Examples of HVAC control systems
Building Automation
Topics in advanced control system design
Summary
Lighting and Daylighting
Principles of lighting
Electric lighting
Daylighting
Analysis of daylighting
Design of buildings for daylighting
Costing and Economic Analysis
Comparing present and future costs
Life cycle cost
Economic evaluation criteria
Complications of the decision process
Cost estimation
Optimization
Chapter 24. Design for Energy Efficiency
The Road to Efficiency
Design Elements and Recommendations
Residential Buildings
Commercial Buildings: HVAC Systems
Alternative Energy Technologies
Uncertainty in Simulations
Energy Benchmarking and Rating
Drivers for Efficiency
