China and Strategic Culture
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China and Strategic Culture by Andrew Scobell
China has been identified as a looming strategic threat. Considerable attention has been given to China's assertive rhetoric and militant behavior. The author uses the rubric of strategic culture to assess China's strategic disposition. Two dimensions are examined: the nature and impact of China's assessment of its own strategic culture, and the nature and impact of China's depictions of the strategic cultures of Japan and the United States. Beijing has been depicted as increasingly belligerent over the past decade, a perception in direct conflict with earlier images of China. Ancient China is usually portrayed as possessing a weak martial tradition, a cultural predisposition to seek nonviolent solutions to problems of statecraft, and a defensive-mindedness, favoring sturdy fortifications over expansionism and invasion. The author contends that existing depictions of China's strategic culture are flawed. China's strategic disposition cannot accurately be characterized as either pacifist or bellicose. Rather, the country has a dualistic strategic culture. The two main strands are a Confucian-Mencian one that is conflict averse and defensive minded; and a Realpolitik one which favors military solutions and is offensive oriented. Both strands are operative and both influence and combine in dialectic fashion to form a Chinese Cult of Defense. This cult paradoxically tends to dispose Chinese leaders to pursue offensive military operations as a primary alternative in pursuit of national goals, while rationalizing these actions as being purely defensive and last resort. This dualistic strategic culture has been a constant, and China has not become more bellicose or aggressive in recent years except to the extent that the warfighting capabilities of the People's Liberation Army have improved or that military doctrine has changed. The author also examines China's images of Japanese and American strategic cultures. Significantly, Chinese strategists tend to depict China's own strategic culture in very positive terms and contrast it with what are seen as the very negative images of Japan and the United States. As viewed from Chinese eyes, Japan possesses an extremely warped, violent, and militaristic strategic culture; while the United States possesses an expansionist, offensive-minded, conflict-prone strategic culture that is obsessed with technology. The author concludes by outlining a number of important recommendations for U. S. defense policy.
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS
MARTIN ANDREW was a member of the Royal Australian Air Force from February 1977 to February 2005. His Air Force career was primarily in the areas of education and training, and included postings to the Australian Joint Warfare Establishment and the Royal Australian Air Force Staff College. For the period 1991 to 2003, he was in the Northern Territory, a highlight of his service was being an International Military Liaison Officer in Darwin with the Foreign National Support Elements for their deployed forces in East Timor from November 1999 to July 2000. He publishes a monthly GI Zhou Newsletter on the Chinese military, and the second edition of his book, How the PLA Fights: Weapons and Tactics of the People's Liberation Army, was released in September 2009. He has also conducted research on insurgencies in Southeast Asia, the origins of Communist guerrilla warfare, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), among other topics. He received a Ph.D. in philosophy in February 2009.
DEAN CHENG is a research fellow on Chinese political and security affairs at The Heritage Foundation. He specializes in China's military and foreign policy, in particular, its relationship with the rest of Asia and with the United States. Cheng has written extensively on China's military doctrine, technological implications of its space program and dual use issues associated with the communist nation's industrial and scientific infrastructure. He previously worked for 13 years as a senior analyst, first with Science Applications International Corp. (SAIC), the Fortune 500 specialist for defense and homeland security, and then with the China Studies division of the Center for Naval Analyses - a federally funded research institute. Before entering the private sector, Cheng studied China's defense-industrial complex for a congressional agency, the Office of Technology Assessment, as an analyst in the International Security and Space Program. Cheng has appeared on public affairs shows such as John McLaughlin's One on One and programs on National Public Radio, CNN International, BBC World Service, and International Television News (ITN). He has been interviewed by or provided commentary for publications such as Time Magazine, The Washington Post, Financial Times, Bloomberg News, Jane's Defense Weekly, South Korea's Chosun Ilbo and Hong Kong's South China Morning Post. Cheng has spoken at the National Space Symposium, the National Defense University (NDU), the Air Force Academy, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies. Cheng earned a bachelor's degree in politics from Princeton University in 1986 and studied for a doctorate at MIT.
JUNE TEUFEL DREYER is a Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. Dr. Dreyer is a Senior Fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a member of the Board of Scholars of the U.S.-China Research Institute of the University of Southern California, and a member of the Institute for Strategic Studies. She was appointed Commissioner of the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission by Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, and served three terms thereon. She formerly served as Senior Far East Specialist at the Library of Congress and as an Asia advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations. Her research work centers on ethnic minorities, the Chinese military, Asian-Pacific regional relations, cross-strait relations, and Sino-Japanese relations. Dr. Dreyer is the sole author of China's Forty Millions: Minority Nationalities and National Integration in the People's Republic of China and China's Political System: Modernization and Tradition, which is being prepared for its eighth edition. Her current project is a book on Sino-Japanese relations. Her articles have appeared in numerous scholarly journals. She is also a co-author and/or editor of numerous other books, including the 2005 Report to Congress of the United States Economic and Security Commission. Dr. Dreyer has served on official observation groups for four Taiwan elections. She has also testified at numerous U.S. congressional hearings. She serves on the board of editors of Orbis and the Journal of Contemporary China, and has received numerous teaching awards. She received a joint Ph.D. in government and East Asian studies from Harvard University.
ROY KAMPHAUSEN is a Senior Associate for Political and Security Affairs (PSA) at The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) and an adjunct faculty member at George Washington University and Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs. He advises and contributes to NBR research programs on political and security issues in Asia. Mr. Kamphausen previously served as Senior Vice President for Political and Security Affairs and Director of NBR's Washington, DC, office. Prior to joining NBR, Mr. Kamphausen served as a U.S. Army officer, a career that culminated in an assignment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) as Country Director for China-Taiwan-Mongolia Affairs. Previous assignments include the Joint Staff as an intelligence analyst and later as China Branch Chief in the Directorate for Strategic Plans and Policy (J5). A fluent Chinese (Mandarin) linguist and an Army China Foreign Area Officer (FAO), Mr. Kamphausen served two tours at the Defense Attachü¾Ž–”¼ Office of the U.S. Embassy in the People's Republic of China. He is a member of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), the Asia Society, and the Council for Security and Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (CSCAP). His areas of professional expertise include China's People's Liberation Army (PLA), U.S.-China defense relations, U.S. defense and security policy toward Asia, and East Asian security issues. Mr. Kamphausen co-authored the chapter Military Modernization in Taiwan in Strategic Asia 2005-06: Military Modernization in an Era of Uncertainty, with Michael Swaine; he was the co-author of the chapter PLA Power Projection: Current Realities and Emerging Trends in Assessing the Threat: The Chinese Military and Taiwan's Security (2007), with Justin Liang; he co-edited the volume Right-Sizing the People's Liberation Army: Exploring the Contours of China's Military (2007), with Andrew Scobell; he co-edited the volume The People in the PLA: Recruitment, Training, and Education in China's Military (2008), with Andrew Scobell and Travis Tanner; and he co-edited the volumes Beyond the Strait: PLA Missions Other Than Taiwan (April 2009), and The PLA At Home and Abroad: Assessing the Operational Capabilities of China's Military (July 2010) with David Lai and Andrew Scobell. Mr. Kamphausen holds a B.A. in political science from Wheaton College and an M.A. in international affairs from Columbia University. He studied Chinese at both the Defense Language Institute and Beijing's Capital Normal University. DAVID LAI is a Research Professor of Asian Security Studies at the Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) of the U.S. Army War College. Before joining the SSI, Dr. Lai was on the faculty of the U.S. Air War College. Having grown up in China, Lai witnessed China's Cultural Revolution, its economic reform, and the changes in U.S.-China relations. His teaching and research interests are in international relations theory, war and peace studies, comparative foreign and security policy, U.S.-China and U.S.-Asian relations, and Chinese strategic thinking and operational art. Dr. Lai is a co-editor with Mr. Kamphausen and Dr. Scobell of The PLA at Home and Abroad: Assessing the Operational Capabilities of China's Military (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, June 2010). Dr. Lai holds a bachelor's degree from China and a master's degree and Ph.D. in political science from the University of Colorado.
FRANK MILLER, is a retired U.S. Army colonel currently serving in the Defense Intelligence Agency as the Defense Intelligence Officer for East Asia. He has over 30 years of active duty in the Infantry, Special Forces, and as a China Foreign Area Officer with 23 years of extensive interaction with all Asian militaries in or focused on Asia at the local, regional, and national levels. Mr. Miller previously served as a military attachü¾Ž–”¼ (Vietnam and China), a regional security assistance officer (Pacific Command [PACOM]), and as a political-military analyst (PACOM and Joint Staff). His last assignment was as Director, Northeast Asia Division, Joint Staff Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J5). ANDREW SCOBELL is Senior Political Scientist at RAND's Washington, DC, office. Prior to this he was an Associate Professor of International Affairs at the George H. W. Bush School of Government and Public Service and Director of the China Certificate Program at Texas A&M University located in College Station, TX. From 1999 until 2007, he was an Associate Research Professor at the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College and an Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Dickinson College, both located in Carlisle, PA. Dr. Scobell is the author of China's Use of Military Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March (Cambridge University Press, 2003), he co-authored China's Search for Security, with Andrew J. Nathan, (Columbia University Press, forthcoming, 2012), he has written more than a dozen monographs and reports, as well as several dozen journal articles and book chapters. He has also edited or co-edited 12 volumes on various aspects of security in the Asia-Pacific region. He is a co-editor with Mr. Kamphausen and Dr. Lai of The PLA at Home and Abroad: Assessing the Operational Capabilities of China's Military (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, June 2010). Dr. Scobell holds a Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University.
CHRISTOPHER P. TWOMEY is currently an Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA. His previous assignments were as an Associate Chair for Research and as Director of the Center for Contemporary Conflict from 2007-09. He works closely with the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Policy) and the State Department on a range of diplomatic engage ments across Asia and regularly advises the U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM), the U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM), and the Office of Net Assessment. He has previously taught or researched at Harvard, Boston College, RAND, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC), and is currently a Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Asian Research. Dr. Twomey is the author of The Military Lens: Doctrinal Differences and Deterrence Failure in Sino-American Relations (Cornell, 2010), which explains how differing military doctrines complicate diplomatic signaling, interpretations of those signals, and assessments of the balance of power. He edited Perspectives on Sino-American Strategic Nuclear Issues (2008), and his articles have appeared in journals such as Asian Survey, Security Studies, Arms Control Today, Contemporary Security Policy, Asia Policy, Current History, and the Journal of Contemporary China. Dr. Twomey holds a Ph.D. in political science from MIT.
YU BIN is a professor of political science and the director of East Asian studies at Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. He is also a Senior Fellow in the Shanghai Association of American Studies. He is the author and coauthor of six books in both Chinese and English, more than 100 articles/chapters in academic and policy journals and books, and numerous op-ed pieces in English and Chinese media outlets. He is also a regular contributor to the Pacific Forum and its online journal Comparative Connections (on Russian-China relations), as well as a senior writer for Asia Times online. His research interests include international relations, Sino-Russian relations, and East Asian security and politics, among other topics. Yu served in the PLA infantry from 1968-72 and was a research fellow at the Center of International Studies, State Council in Beijing from 1982-85. He received his MA in journalism from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing and his Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University. He is currently working on a book about Western studies of the Soviet Union and Russia to be published by the Eastern China Normal University Press in Shanghai in 2012.
CHRISTOPHER D. YUNG is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS), National Defense University. Dr. Yung provides insights and counsel for the Office of Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, and the Combatant Commanders concerning Chinese defense and national security decisionmaking; Chinese force structure and doctrinal developments; Chinese military capabilities and current operations; Chinese engagement activities with the United States; and China's political-military relations with other nations in the Asia-Pacific region. Prior to his entering into government service, Dr. Yung was a Senior Research Analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA). While at CNA, Dr. Yung led projects or was involved in analysis related to China, Northeast Asia security, the Chinese Navy, the Chinese Military, and U.S. inter-operability with the militaries of the Far East. In addition to Dr. Yung's China and Asia-related expertise, he also has direct Military Operations Analysis experience. Between 1998 and 2001 he was a special assistant and operations analyst for the Commander, Amphibious Group Two--the senior U.S. Navy amphibious command in the Atlantic Fleet. This was followed up with an assignment as a special assistant and operations analyst for the Com329mander, U.S. Marine Corps Forces Atlantic--the highest ranking Marine Corps operational command on the East Coast. Dr. Yung holds a Ph.D. in international relations from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). He also holds a master's degree in East Asian and China studies from the same institution. He received language certificates from Columbia University and the Beijing Foreign Language Teacher's Institute, where he studied Mandarin Chinese.
MARTIN ANDREW was a member of the Royal Australian Air Force from February 1977 to February 2005. His Air Force career was primarily in the areas of education and training, and included postings to the Australian Joint Warfare Establishment and the Royal Australian Air Force Staff College. For the period 1991 to 2003, he was in the Northern Territory, a highlight of his service was being an International Military Liaison Officer in Darwin with the Foreign National Support Elements for their deployed forces in East Timor from November 1999 to July 2000. He publishes a monthly GI Zhou Newsletter on the Chinese military, and the second edition of his book, How the PLA Fights: Weapons and Tactics of the People's Liberation Army, was released in September 2009. He has also conducted research on insurgencies in Southeast Asia, the origins of Communist guerrilla warfare, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), among other topics. He received a Ph.D. in philosophy in February 2009.
DEAN CHENG is a research fellow on Chinese political and security affairs at The Heritage Foundation. He specializes in China's military and foreign policy, in particular, its relationship with the rest of Asia and with the United States. Cheng has written extensively on China's military doctrine, technological implications of its space program and dual use issues associated with the communist nation's industrial and scientific infrastructure. He previously worked for 13 years as a senior analyst, first with Science Applications International Corp. (SAIC), the Fortune 500 specialist for defense and homeland security, and then with the China Studies division of the Center for Naval Analyses - a federally funded research institute. Before entering the private sector, Cheng studied China's defense-industrial complex for a congressional agency, the Office of Technology Assessment, as an analyst in the International Security and Space Program. Cheng has appeared on public affairs shows such as John McLaughlin's One on One and programs on National Public Radio, CNN International, BBC World Service, and International Television News (ITN). He has been interviewed by or provided commentary for publications such as Time Magazine, The Washington Post, Financial Times, Bloomberg News, Jane's Defense Weekly, South Korea's Chosun Ilbo and Hong Kong's South China Morning Post. Cheng has spoken at the National Space Symposium, the National Defense University (NDU), the Air Force Academy, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies. Cheng earned a bachelor's degree in politics from Princeton University in 1986 and studied for a doctorate at MIT.
JUNE TEUFEL DREYER is a Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. Dr. Dreyer is a Senior Fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a member of the Board of Scholars of the U.S.-China Research Institute of the University of Southern California, and a member of the Institute for Strategic Studies. She was appointed Commissioner of the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission by Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, and served three terms thereon. She formerly served as Senior Far East Specialist at the Library of Congress and as an Asia advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations. Her research work centers on ethnic minorities, the Chinese military, Asian-Pacific regional relations, cross-strait relations, and Sino-Japanese relations. Dr. Dreyer is the sole author of China's Forty Millions: Minority Nationalities and National Integration in the People's Republic of China and China's Political System: Modernization and Tradition, which is being prepared for its eighth edition. Her current project is a book on Sino-Japanese relations. Her articles have appeared in numerous scholarly journals. She is also a co-author and/or editor of numerous other books, including the 2005 Report to Congress of the United States Economic and Security Commission. Dr. Dreyer has served on official observation groups for four Taiwan elections. She has also testified at numerous U.S. congressional hearings. She serves on the board of editors of Orbis and the Journal of Contemporary China, and has received numerous teaching awards. She received a joint Ph.D. in government and East Asian studies from Harvard University.
ROY KAMPHAUSEN is a Senior Associate for Political and Security Affairs (PSA) at The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) and an adjunct faculty member at George Washington University and Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs. He advises and contributes to NBR research programs on political and security issues in Asia. Mr. Kamphausen previously served as Senior Vice President for Political and Security Affairs and Director of NBR's Washington, DC, office. Prior to joining NBR, Mr. Kamphausen served as a U.S. Army officer, a career that culminated in an assignment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) as Country Director for China-Taiwan-Mongolia Affairs. Previous assignments include the Joint Staff as an intelligence analyst and later as China Branch Chief in the Directorate for Strategic Plans and Policy (J5). A fluent Chinese (Mandarin) linguist and an Army China Foreign Area Officer (FAO), Mr. Kamphausen served two tours at the Defense Attachü¾Ž–”¼ Office of the U.S. Embassy in the People's Republic of China. He is a member of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), the Asia Society, and the Council for Security and Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (CSCAP). His areas of professional expertise include China's People's Liberation Army (PLA), U.S.-China defense relations, U.S. defense and security policy toward Asia, and East Asian security issues. Mr. Kamphausen co-authored the chapter Military Modernization in Taiwan in Strategic Asia 2005-06: Military Modernization in an Era of Uncertainty, with Michael Swaine; he was the co-author of the chapter PLA Power Projection: Current Realities and Emerging Trends in Assessing the Threat: The Chinese Military and Taiwan's Security (2007), with Justin Liang; he co-edited the volume Right-Sizing the People's Liberation Army: Exploring the Contours of China's Military (2007), with Andrew Scobell; he co-edited the volume The People in the PLA: Recruitment, Training, and Education in China's Military (2008), with Andrew Scobell and Travis Tanner; and he co-edited the volumes Beyond the Strait: PLA Missions Other Than Taiwan (April 2009), and The PLA At Home and Abroad: Assessing the Operational Capabilities of China's Military (July 2010) with David Lai and Andrew Scobell. Mr. Kamphausen holds a B.A. in political science from Wheaton College and an M.A. in international affairs from Columbia University. He studied Chinese at both the Defense Language Institute and Beijing's Capital Normal University. DAVID LAI is a Research Professor of Asian Security Studies at the Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) of the U.S. Army War College. Before joining the SSI, Dr. Lai was on the faculty of the U.S. Air War College. Having grown up in China, Lai witnessed China's Cultural Revolution, its economic reform, and the changes in U.S.-China relations. His teaching and research interests are in international relations theory, war and peace studies, comparative foreign and security policy, U.S.-China and U.S.-Asian relations, and Chinese strategic thinking and operational art. Dr. Lai is a co-editor with Mr. Kamphausen and Dr. Scobell of The PLA at Home and Abroad: Assessing the Operational Capabilities of China's Military (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, June 2010). Dr. Lai holds a bachelor's degree from China and a master's degree and Ph.D. in political science from the University of Colorado.
FRANK MILLER, is a retired U.S. Army colonel currently serving in the Defense Intelligence Agency as the Defense Intelligence Officer for East Asia. He has over 30 years of active duty in the Infantry, Special Forces, and as a China Foreign Area Officer with 23 years of extensive interaction with all Asian militaries in or focused on Asia at the local, regional, and national levels. Mr. Miller previously served as a military attachü¾Ž–”¼ (Vietnam and China), a regional security assistance officer (Pacific Command [PACOM]), and as a political-military analyst (PACOM and Joint Staff). His last assignment was as Director, Northeast Asia Division, Joint Staff Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate (J5). ANDREW SCOBELL is Senior Political Scientist at RAND's Washington, DC, office. Prior to this he was an Associate Professor of International Affairs at the George H. W. Bush School of Government and Public Service and Director of the China Certificate Program at Texas A&M University located in College Station, TX. From 1999 until 2007, he was an Associate Research Professor at the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College and an Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Dickinson College, both located in Carlisle, PA. Dr. Scobell is the author of China's Use of Military Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March (Cambridge University Press, 2003), he co-authored China's Search for Security, with Andrew J. Nathan, (Columbia University Press, forthcoming, 2012), he has written more than a dozen monographs and reports, as well as several dozen journal articles and book chapters. He has also edited or co-edited 12 volumes on various aspects of security in the Asia-Pacific region. He is a co-editor with Mr. Kamphausen and Dr. Lai of The PLA at Home and Abroad: Assessing the Operational Capabilities of China's Military (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, June 2010). Dr. Scobell holds a Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University.
CHRISTOPHER P. TWOMEY is currently an Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA. His previous assignments were as an Associate Chair for Research and as Director of the Center for Contemporary Conflict from 2007-09. He works closely with the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Policy) and the State Department on a range of diplomatic engage ments across Asia and regularly advises the U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM), the U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM), and the Office of Net Assessment. He has previously taught or researched at Harvard, Boston College, RAND, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC), and is currently a Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Asian Research. Dr. Twomey is the author of The Military Lens: Doctrinal Differences and Deterrence Failure in Sino-American Relations (Cornell, 2010), which explains how differing military doctrines complicate diplomatic signaling, interpretations of those signals, and assessments of the balance of power. He edited Perspectives on Sino-American Strategic Nuclear Issues (2008), and his articles have appeared in journals such as Asian Survey, Security Studies, Arms Control Today, Contemporary Security Policy, Asia Policy, Current History, and the Journal of Contemporary China. Dr. Twomey holds a Ph.D. in political science from MIT.
YU BIN is a professor of political science and the director of East Asian studies at Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. He is also a Senior Fellow in the Shanghai Association of American Studies. He is the author and coauthor of six books in both Chinese and English, more than 100 articles/chapters in academic and policy journals and books, and numerous op-ed pieces in English and Chinese media outlets. He is also a regular contributor to the Pacific Forum and its online journal Comparative Connections (on Russian-China relations), as well as a senior writer for Asia Times online. His research interests include international relations, Sino-Russian relations, and East Asian security and politics, among other topics. Yu served in the PLA infantry from 1968-72 and was a research fellow at the Center of International Studies, State Council in Beijing from 1982-85. He received his MA in journalism from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing and his Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University. He is currently working on a book about Western studies of the Soviet Union and Russia to be published by the Eastern China Normal University Press in Shanghai in 2012.
CHRISTOPHER D. YUNG is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS), National Defense University. Dr. Yung provides insights and counsel for the Office of Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, and the Combatant Commanders concerning Chinese defense and national security decisionmaking; Chinese force structure and doctrinal developments; Chinese military capabilities and current operations; Chinese engagement activities with the United States; and China's political-military relations with other nations in the Asia-Pacific region. Prior to his entering into government service, Dr. Yung was a Senior Research Analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA). While at CNA, Dr. Yung led projects or was involved in analysis related to China, Northeast Asia security, the Chinese Navy, the Chinese Military, and U.S. inter-operability with the militaries of the Far East. In addition to Dr. Yung's China and Asia-related expertise, he also has direct Military Operations Analysis experience. Between 1998 and 2001 he was a special assistant and operations analyst for the Commander, Amphibious Group Two--the senior U.S. Navy amphibious command in the Atlantic Fleet. This was followed up with an assignment as a special assistant and operations analyst for the Com329mander, U.S. Marine Corps Forces Atlantic--the highest ranking Marine Corps operational command on the East Coast. Dr. Yung holds a Ph.D. in international relations from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). He also holds a master's degree in East Asian and China studies from the same institution. He received language certificates from Columbia University and the Beijing Foreign Language Teacher's Institute, where he studied Mandarin Chinese.
| SKU | Unavailable |
| ISBN 13 | 9781410217349 |
| ISBN 10 | 1410217345 |
| Title | China and Strategic Culture |
| Author | Andrew Scobell |
| Condition | Unavailable |
| Binding Type | Paperback |
| Publisher | University Press of the Pacific |
| Year published | 2004-10-13 |
| Number of pages | 48 |
| Cover note | Book picture is for illustrative purposes only, actual binding, cover or edition may vary. |
| Note | Unavailable |